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81.
The purpose of this study was to determine the volatilization rates of propoxur from different surface materials commonly found in homes, and to conduct field measurements under ventilated and non-ventilated conditions. Since it is known that temperature, humidity and constant air flow most significantly affect volatility, various surface materials were sprayed using a constant amount of propoxur under the controlled conditions of an exposure chamber. Acetonitrile was used to desorb both XAD-2 resin that collected airborne propoxur and surface materials containing propoxur residue. HPLC was used to analyze propoxur concentrations. Based on multiple regression models, temperature most significantly affected volatility, followed by humidity. Volatilization rates of propoxur were highest from quartz surfaces and lowest from glass. Interaction was most readily found on glass surfaces based on humidity-air flow and humidity-temperature factors. In field applications, propoxur was sprayed in a room under two conditions with ventilation and without in order to measure the concentrations of propoxur in the air and on a quartz surface. Findings showed both airborne and settled concentrations peaked after a half hour then decreased under both conditions, both more sharply in the ventilated room. Under both conditions, no propoxur was detected on the quartz surface after three and a half hours but airborne concentrations remained detectable after thirty-three and one half hours. We conclude that to maintain good air quality, ventilation is important and special care must be taken when spraying insecticides on different surfaces. 相似文献
82.
Comparison of RBCA and CalTOX for setting risk-based cleanup levels based on inhalation exposure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Risk-based corrective action (RBCA) and CalTOX (California EPA) are often used to develop risk-based soil cleanup levels. The determination of the entry parameters, including slope factors, degradation assumption, methodologies, and dispersion models for these two approaches greatly affect the onsite/offsite cleanup levels, risk distribution, and ranking of the influential factors. The subsurface soil-to-ambient air was considered as the only significant exposure pathway in this study. RBCA and CalTOX apply analytical equations and multimedia fugacity model, respectively, to simulate the transport of contaminants from subsurface soil to ambient air. Nine carcinogenic organic contaminants were selected as the target compounds. Environmental monitoring data collected from a contaminated site in southern Taiwan was used as model inputs. In this study, degradation assumption had greater influence on CalTOX evaluation than slope factors. The cleanup soil levels of all target chemicals developed by both models were close under the same slope factors and degradation assumptions, except for vinyl chloride and hexachlorobenzene. Furthermore, RBCA generally had larger offsite dispersion ratios than CalTOX, especially for long distances. The risk distribution obtained by RBCA was much board than by CalTOX. When 95th percentile was considered as the starting point, the SSTLs derived by RBCA were much stricter than by CalTOX. The ranking of influential factors in the onsite risk assessment for these two models were completely different because of their distinct model methodologies. 相似文献
83.
84.
Chun-Chin Wang Guor-Cheng Fang Chao-Hung Kuo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,161(1-4):1-9
Bioaerosols are a type of suspended sediments that contribute to poor air quality in Taiwan. Bioaerosols include allergens such as: fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, arthropods and protozoa, as well as microbial products such as mycotoxins, endotoxins and glucans. When allergens and microbial products are suspended in the air, local air quality will be influenced adversely. In addition, when the particle size is small enough to pass through the respiratory tract entering the human body, the health of the local population is also threatened. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to attempt to understand the concentration and types of bacteria and the bacteria numbers for various particle size ranges during a study period of June 2005 to February 2006 in Taichung City, Central Taiwan. The results indicate that the total average bacterial concentration by using NA medium incubated for 48 h were 8.0 × 102, 1.4 × 103, 2.4 × 103 and 1.3 × 103, 1.9 × 103, 3.5 × 103 cfu/m3 for CMES, TRIPS and RFS sampling sites during the daytime and nighttime period of June 2005 to February 2006. Moreover, the total average bacterial concentration by using R2A medium incubated for 48 h were 8.5 × 102, 1.5 × 103, 2.2 × 103 and 1.2 × 103, 1.7 × 103, 2.5 × 103 cfu/m3 for CMES, TRIPS and RFS sampling sites the daytime and nighttime during the same sampling period. The total average bacteria concentration was the same in either NA or R2A medium for the same sampling times or sites. The total average bacterial concentration was higher in daytime period than that of nighttime period for CMES, TRIPS and RFS sampling sites. The high average bacterial concentration was found in the particle size range of 0.53–0.71 mm (average bioaerosol size was in the range of 2.1–4.7 μm) for each sampling site. Also, 20 kinds of bacteria exceeded levels for each sampling site and were classified as according to shape: rod, coccus and filamentous. 相似文献
85.
The composition of the headspace gas affected the growth dynamics of microbial populations and the biotransformation pattern of p-toluic acid in anoxic estuarine sediments. Under CO2 atmosphere, p-toluic acid was transformed by the sediment microorganisms without a lag period, while under N2/H2 atmosphere, p-toluic acid was transformed after a lag period of 55 days. Under the N2/H2 atmosphere, the methanogen population, following a rapid increase of almost two orders of magnitude, remained at a high level until just before the onset of biotransformation. We hypothesize that during the lag period, the hydrogenotrophic methanogens were removing the H2, a step which is essential before the reaction can be exergonic. Acetogenic bacteria did not initiate decarboxylation as the first step of biotransformation under either atmosphere. Neither the methanogens nor the acetogenic bacteria appeared to be directly involved in the biotransformation of p-toluic acid under either atmosphere. Under the CO2 atmosphere, biotransformation of p-toluic acid involved sulfate-reducing bacteria, while under N2/H2, both sulfate-reducing bacteria and other eubacteria were involved. 相似文献
86.
Lin Kang Pao-Lin Kuo Ko-Hung Lee Yu-Chuan Liu Chiung-Hsin Chang Fong-Ming Chang Shio-Jean Lin 《黑龙江环境通报》2005,25(2):159-162
Galloway–Mowat syndrome (GMS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder and is characterized by marked intrauterine growth retardation, central nervous system anomalies, and early onset nephrotic syndrome. Of the reported cases in the literature, all were diagnosed postnatally. We describe a case of GMS in which only late-onset intrauterine growth restriction was detected by prenatal ultrasound. In her fourth pregnancy, the mother had delivered a male baby with clinical features of GMS who died at seven months of age due to early onset of nephrotic syndrome. In her fifth pregnancy, serial ultrasound examinations were normal during the first and second trimester of pregnancy. Growth restriction and microcephaly were not detectable until 28 to 32 weeks' gestation. At 40 weeks' gestation, a female baby was born with dysmorphic features of GMS. Nephrotic syndrome developed after birth and renal biopsy revealed minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The prenatal course of this case suggests GMS may not be diagnosed in early pregnancy and the only abnormality detected before birth was intrauterine growth restriction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
87.
Li Bingxiao Cao Han Liu Kuo Xia Juan Sun Yanyan Peng Wenjuan Xie Yunyi Guo Chunyue Liu Xiaohui Wen Fuyuan Zhang Fengxu Shan Guangliang Zhang Ling 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(42):63057-63070
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The assessment of the generalization of the strict hypertension definition in the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline from environmental condition... 相似文献
88.
Soil washing is considered a useful technique for remediating metal-contaminated soils. This study examined the release edges of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu or Pb in two contaminated rice soils from central Taiwan. The concentrations exceeding the trigger levels established by the regulatory agency of Taiwan were Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr for the Ho-Mei soil and Pb for the Nan-Tou soil. Successive extractions with HCl ranging from 0 to 0.2 M showed increased release of the heavy metals with declining pH, and the threshold pH value below which a sharp increase in the releases of the heavy metals was highest for Cd, Zn, and Ni (pH 4.6 to 4.9), intermediate for Pb and Cu (3.1 to 3.8) and lowest for Fe (2.1), Al (2.2) and Cr (1.7) for the soils. The low response slope of Ni and Cr particularly for the rice soils make soil washing with the acid up to the highest concentration used ineffective to reduce their concentrations to below trigger levels. Although soil washing with 0.1 M HCl was moderately effective in reducing Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd, which brought pH of the soils to 1.1+/-0.1 (S.D.), the concurrent release of large quantities of Fe and Al make this remediation technique undesirable for the rice soils containing high clay. Successive washings with 0.01 M HCl could be considered an alternative as the dissolution of Fe and Al was minimal, and between 46 to 64% of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the Ho-Mei soil and 45% of Pb in the Na-Tou soil were extracted after four successive extractions with this dilute acid solution. The efficacy of Cd extraction improved if CaCl2 was added to the acid solution. The correlation analysis revealed that Cr extracted was highly correlated (P < 0.001) with Fe extracted, whereas the Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd or Pb extracted was better correlated (P < 0.001) with Al than with Fe extracted. It is possible that the past seasonal soil flooding and drainage in the soils for rice production was conducive to incorporating Cr within the structure of Fe oxide, thereby making them extremely insoluble even in 0.2 M HCl solution. The formation of solid solution of Ni with Al oxide was also possible, making it far less extractable than Cd, Zn, Cu, or Pb with the acid concentrations used. 相似文献
89.
Zhi-Fu Mi Yi-Ming Wei Chen-Qi He Hua-Nan Li Xiao-Chen Yuan Hua Liao 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(1):45-66
The task of mitigating climate change is usually allocated through administrative regions in China. In order to put pressure on regions that perform poorly in mitigating climate changes and highlight regions with best-practice climate policies, this study explored a method to assess regional efforts on climate change mitigation at the sub-national level. A climate change mitigation index (CCMI) was developed with 15 objective indicators, which were divided into four categories, namely, emissions, efficiency, non-fossil energy, and climate policy. The indicators’ current level and recent development were measured for the first three categories. The index was applied to assess China’s provincial performance in climate protection based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Empirical results show that the middle Yangtze River area and southern coastal area perform better than other areas in mitigating climate change. The average performance of the northwest area in China is the worst. In addition, climate change mitigation performance has a negative linear correlation with energy self-sufficiency ratio but does not have a significant linear correlation with social development level. Therefore, regional resource endowments had better be paid much more attention in terms of mitigating climate change because regions with good resource endowments in China tend to perform poorly. 相似文献
90.
为揭示多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)在东北主要河流流域内的污染现状,通过采集该地区流域内表层沉积物样品,采用GC-NCIMS技术对沉积物中41种PBDEs同类物进行分析.结果发现沉积物中BDE209含量低于检出限,其它40种PBDEs同类物总含量(不包含BDE209)范围(干重)为0.91~17.67 ng·g-1.其中第二松花江吉林市上游和下游沉积物样品中PBDEs的检出含量最高,分别为15.86 ng·g-1、17.67 ng·g-1,以BDE207和BDE47为主,分别占PBDEs总量的86.5%和76.6%;其它河流沉积物中各同族体含量差异并不明显.实验结果与国内外最近的文献报道值相比较,再结合生态风险分析显示,东北主要河流沉积物中PBDEs的含量处于低污染水平,目前不存在生态风险. 相似文献