Determinations and residual characteristics of triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan

Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a widely used antibacterial agent. However, it was concerned recently that triclosan might act as an antibiotic and will cause resistant bacterial strains. Furthermore, possible formation of toxic chloroform was also reported when the triclosan contained in household dishwashing soaps reacted with the chlorinated water. To assess the associate risks from possible exposures, concentrations of triclosan in household food detergents of Taiwan were determined in this study. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector at 280 nm was used to analyze the triclosan in samples. Factors that might affect the residual characteristics of triclosan from detergents on dishware and fruits, including the concentrations of detergents used, the temperature and immersion time for water before the cleaning processes, the temperatures of water used for the cleaning processes, and the materials of dishware made of, were evaluated under the orthogonal experiment design by the Taguchi method. By the analysis of variance, the orders of importance of different parameters were determined. The concentrations of triclosan detected in household food detergents were found to be 1.7 x 10(-2) -5.6 x 10(-1) (triclosan/detergent, mg g(-1)). For residual characteristics, the concentration of detergents used as well as the materials of dishware were found to be the significant factors that will affect the triclosan left on the dishware. On the other hand, the concentration of triclosan in the detergents was found to be the only factor that will affect the triclosan left on fruits. The maximum dose of triclosan exposures from the use of household food detergents in Taiwan was also estimated in the study.     

A real-time monitoring and assessment method for calculation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted in subway stations

Subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, in this study, a new cumulative calculation method for the estimation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside the subway station is proposed by taking cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept. Minimum concentration of individual air pollutants which naturally exist in indoor space is referred as base concentration of air pollutants and can be found from the data collected. After subtracting the value of base concentration from data point of each data set of indoor air pollutant, the primary quantity of emitted air pollutant is calculated. After integration is carried out with these values, adding the base concentration to the integration quantity gives the total amount of indoor air pollutant emitted. Moreover the values of new index for cumulative indoor air quality obtained for 1 day are calculated using the values of cumulative air quality index (CAI). Cumulative comprehensive indoor air quality index (CCIAI) is also proposed to compare the values of cumulative concentrations of indoor air pollutants. From the results, it is clear that the cumulative assessment approach of indoor air quality (IAQ) is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, in case of exposure to indoor air pollutants for a long time. Also, the values of CCIAI are influenced more by the values of concentration of NO2, which is released due to the use of air conditioners and combustion of the fuel. The results obtained in this study confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well. Implications: Nowadays, subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in the indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for monitoring and assessing total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside underground spaces and subway stations. A new methodology for the calculation of cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept is proposed. The results suggest that the cumulative assessment approach of IAQ is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants, if indoor air pollutants accumulated for a long time, especially NO2 pollutants. The results obtained here confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well.     

好氧生物流化床技术研究进展

对好氧生物流化床技术的工作原理和发展概况进行了简介,重点阐述了部分新型好氧生物流化床反应器的结构特点,并对好氧生物流化床技术存在的问题及发展前景做了研讨。     

基于PM2.5与PM10比值的吉林省空气污染分析

对吉林省重点城市2015年~2018年大气日均值PM2.5/PM10数据进行处理,从空气中细颗粒物的比例角度评价吉林省的空气污染情况。经过分析得出结论即吉林省2015年~2018年空气质量明显好转,特别是2018年。中度及以上污染天气污染程度下降显著。月份中10、11、12月份污染下降明显。城市中松原市污染较轻。     

燃尽风位置高度对NOx生成的影响

针对山东某电厂200 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉NOx排放量过高的问题,采用多空气分级低氮燃烧技术对其进行改造,基于FLUENT软件平台,对改造前后炉内燃烧过程进行模拟计算,与工业性实验结果进行对比分析;并在额定工况下,对5种不同燃尽风位置高度的改造方案进行模拟计算,综合分析炉内燃烧及氮氧化物生成排放的情况,确定燃尽风位置的最佳高度。计算结果表明:改造后,炉内NOx排放量较改造前降幅40%左右,同时,合理地增加燃尽风位置高度,可进一步降低NOx的排放量,综合炉内各参数变化的比较得出:燃料从主燃区至燃尽区的最佳运行时间约为0.66 s。     

某商厦裙房大梁开裂原因分析

从施工反演分析、结构分析、配筋构造影响和混凝土收缩影响等方面分析了某商厦裙房大梁开裂的原因。     

凤眼莲净化含酚污水的研究——Ⅱ.组织、细胞和匀浆水平的试验

测定了凤眼莲根与叶组织、悬浮叶肉细胞以及根与叶组织匀浆对含酚污水的净化能力,结果表明,这些系统均具去除水中酚的明显作用,说明凤眼莲本身确有降解酚的效果。去除的酚是被组织或匀浆边吸收边降解的。用表面消毒杀死组织表面的微生物后,对叶的组织或匀浆除酚能力的影响很小,却使根组织的降酚过程明显减慢,证实了根际微生物在该系统起一定作用。黑暗条件下叶组织仍有降酚作用,只是速度比光照下稍减慢,说明光照在凤眼莲对酚水的净化中不是必需的。     

用胶片生产中的含铝废渣生产高效净水剂聚合氯化铝的研究

介绍了利用胶片生产中含铝废渣生产高效净水剂聚合氯化铝的工艺技术路线。结果表明 ,该产品技术指标符合国家标准 ,且生产过程具有工艺简单、投资少 ,不产生二次污染等特点。     

TiO_2-Fenton试剂光氧化降解水中氯代有机物的研究

探讨了在光 Fenton体系中引入催化剂TiO2 对几种氯代有机物的光氧化降解效果及其影响因素。试验结果表明 ,TiO2 Fenton试剂复合体系对CH2 ClCOOH的光解脱氯速率显著高于TiO2 和Fenton试剂体系 ,TiO2 对Fenton光氧化反应有较强的催化作用 ;溶液 pH值、铁离子浓度、氯代有机物组成和结构等因素对复合体系的光氧化效果均有明显的影响     

Hg Reactions in the Presence of Chlorine Species: Homogeneous Gas Phase and Heterogeneous Gas-Solid Phase

Abstract

The kinetics of Hg chlorination (with HCl) was studied using a flow reactor system with an online Hg analyzer, and speciation sampling using a set of impingers. Kinetic parameters, such as reaction order (α), overall rate constant (k′ ), and activation energy (E _a), were estimated based on the simple overall reaction pathway. The reaction order with respect to C _Hg, k′, and E _a were found to be 1.55, 5.07 x 10^-2exp(-1939.68/T) [(μg/m³)^-0.55(s)^-1], and 16.13 [kJ/mol], respectively. The effect of chlorine species (HCl, CH₂Cl₂) on the in situ Hg capture method previously de-veloped²⁸ was also investigated. The efficiency of capture of Hg by this in situ method was higher than 98% in the presence of chlorine species. Furthermore, under certain conditions, the presence of chlorine enhanced the removal of elemental Hg by additional gas-phase oxidation.