A method for removing persulfate interference in the analysis of the chemical oxygen demand in wastewater

Environmental Chemistry Letters - In recent years, sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation has received increasing attention for the treatment of water and wastewater....     

江西稻田红壤中丙溴磷的移动特性及其主要影响因素

用土壤薄层色谱法研究农药丙溴磷在不同层江西省稻田红壤中的移动特性及其在表层土壤中移动的主要影响因素.以稻田灌溉水为展开剂,测得丙溴磷在表、中和下层土壤薄层板上的比移值Rf分别为0.375、0.301和0.092,这表明丙溴磷在表层土壤中中等移动、中层土壤中不易移动和下层土壤中不移动,对地下水污染可能性较小,但可能对地表水会产生一定程度的污染.改变土壤有机质和黏土量,调节稻田灌溉水pH和CEC(阳离子交换量),考察这4种因素对丙溴磷在表层稻田红壤中移动的影响.结果表明,土壤有机质可抑制表层土壤中丙溴磷的移动,但起主要抑制作用的是难氧化土壤有机质;土壤黏土量与丙溴磷在土壤中的移动性呈明显的负相关,其相关系数为-0.976(n=5,P<0.05);稻田灌溉水pH>5时,表层红壤中丙溴磷的迁移随pH增大而增大;增大稻田灌溉水的CEC可促进丙溴磷在表层土壤中的移动.从同一土壤剖面来看,稻田红壤CEC和黏土量是丙溴磷在不同层土壤中移动性差异的主要影响因素.     

Sex pheromone of the tea aphid,Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, also called the “black citrus aphid”, is one of the most destructive insect pests in commercial tea plantations and gardens in southern China. In autumn, declining day length triggers production of winged T. aurantii sexuparae, which produce both winged males and wingless oviparae. Oviparous females then release sex pheromone that attracts potential mates. GC–MS analysis of volatile headspace extracts of T. aurantii oviparae revealed that they emit (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (I) and (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (II) in a ratio of 4.3–4.9:1. Field-trapping experiments with synthetic I and II singly or as two-component blends of different doses and ratios showed significant attraction of T. aurantii males, as well as weak attraction of sexuparae. Identification of the T. aurantii sex pheromone provides a new opportunity for developing a pheromone-based monitoring and management strategy for the sexual phase of tea aphids and, possibly, the alate sexparous generation in late summer and fall.     

土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评价

为了研究土壤中铜的生物可给性与土壤理化性质之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤铜的风险,采集我国一些地区的15个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险。结果表明,有2个土壤样品中铜的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准,有8个土壤样品中铜的含量高过二级标准;土壤中铜的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,胃肠阶段铜的溶解态含量分别为5.2~308.8 mg·kg~(-1)和5.9~348.5 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为74.8 mg·kg~(-1)和82.0 mg·kg~(-1);而铜的生物可给性分别为183%~66.6%和213%~77.4%,平均值分别为442%和51.1%。胃阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,而与粘粒呈显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物有显著相关性;小肠阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,与土壤中总铜和锰氧化物含量呈显著负相关。如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄人土壤中铜对儿童的TDI(tolerable daily intake)贡献率除浙江富阳为2.51%外,有12个土壤样品低于1.00%,最低为0.11%。如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中铜对儿童的TDI贡献率除浙江富阳和浙江台州的土壤分别为2.83%和2.01%,另有12个土壤样品低于1.00%。可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中铜的对人体并没有很高的风险。     

上海市典型污水处理厂污泥浸出液的化学和毒性评价

为了研究污水污泥在海洋环境中释放带来的生态风险,在分析上海7处典型污水处理厂污水污泥浸出液中重金属与溶解性有机碳的基础上,使用黑鲷,卤虫,三角褐指藻,纤细角毛藻和小球藻研究污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的急性毒性作用和生长抑制作用。化学分析结果表明,所有样点的污水污泥浸出液中重金属总量均低于中国(GB5085.3-2007)与欧盟(EN12457.2-2002)关于危险废弃物的鉴别标准,但溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量超过欧盟标准1个数量级。毒性实验结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼对污水污泥浸出液的敏感性最强,其次是海洋微藻,卤虫无节幼体的敏感性较低;毒性综合分析结果表明,S2和S3点的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性相对最高,而S4,S5的综合生物毒性最低,其中接纳污水为工业污水,且有机质与硫化物含量较低的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性较低。     

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） at low temperature （10℃）. The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average NH4＋-N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system （85%） was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent NH4＋ -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg. L1 after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent NH4＋- -N concentration was below 8 mg·L^-1 after 15 d operation. The average NH4＋ -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system （about 82%） was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria （NOB） into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the NO2 -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The func- tional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured Dechloromonas sp., uncultured Nitrospira sp., Clostridium sp. and uncultured Thauera sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

草型湖泊叶绿素a浓度时空分布特征及其与氮磷浓度关系

采用2006—2010年5—10月份乌梁素海监测数据,对叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征及其与总氮、总磷浓度相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布差异性:在时间上,呈现出明显的季节性变化,5、6、9、10月份叶绿素a浓度较高,7、8月份叶绿素a浓度偏低,秋季≈春季>夏季,最高值出现在2007年9月,均值为9.01 mg/m3,最低值出现在2010年7月,均值为1.80 mg/m3;在空间上,南北部叶绿素a浓度以7.78 mg/m3为界,呈现北部区>南部区的趋势。通过叶绿素a与总氮、总磷浓度相关性分析得出,2006年5月叶绿素a与总氮、总磷(r=0.7450、0.7596)、2008年5月叶绿素a与总磷(r=0.5421)、2010年5月叶绿素a与总氮(r=0.5089)存在较好的相关性。     

Environmental sustainability index of Shandong Province,China

Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, sustainable development has been embraced as an important goal. In order to measure sustainable development, many scientists and researchers have made efforts to establish measurement systems such as the Driving Force State Response (DSR) framework (Hens 1995), the Human Development Index (HDI) (Goeteyn 1996) devised by the United Nations Development Programme, the Sustainable National Income (SNI) developed by Hueting et al. (1992) and the Ecological Footprint proposed by Wackernagel and Rees (1996). The environmental sustainability index (ESI) is a composite index, which was created by the World Economic Forum, Yale and Columbia Universities, aggregating data at the national level to measure a country's performance in sustaining a healthy, livable environment. 142 countries have been measured with ESI by 2002. However, it has not yet been documented if it can be applied at a regional level. In this study, we have tried to apply ESI to measure the sustainable development of Shandong in China. 22 indicators and 43 variables were chosen, and results showed the ESI of Shandong was 49, suggesting that Shandong is still far from a position of sustainable development.     

Simulation of soil carbon changes due to land use change in urban areas in China

Land use change can have a strong impact on soil carbon dynamics and carbon stocks in urban areas. Due to rapid urbanization, large areas of land have been paved, and other areas have undergone rapid land use change. Evaluation of the impact of urbanization on carbon dynamics and carbon stock (30 cm) has become an issue of urgent concern. The soil carbon dynamics, due to rapid land use change in Tianjin Binhai New Area of China, have been simulated in this paper using the RothC model. Because this area is saline, a modified version of RothC that includes a salt rate modifier provided more accurate simulations than the original model. The conversion to urban green land was not accurately simulated by either of the models because of the undefined changes in soil and plant conditions. According to the model, changes of arable to grassland resulted in a decline in soil carbon stocks, and changes of grassland to forest and grassland to arable resulted in increased soil carbon stocks in this area. Across the whole area simulated, the total carbon stocks in 2010 had decreased due to land use change by 6.5% from the 1979 value. By 2050, a further decrease of 21.9% is expected according to the 2050 plan for land use and the continuing losses from the soils due to previous land use changes.