物种敏感性分布法在土壤中铜生态阈值建立中的应用研究

利用不同累计概率分布函数拟合了基于中国土壤的21个物种的铜毒理学数据,建立了不同土壤条件下的铜物种敏感性分布曲线.结果表明物种敏感性分布方程Burr Ⅲ在X轴(浓度)方向及y轴的较小累计概率范围内拟合优度较佳.在构建土壤中铜物种敏感性分布曲线时,利用铜生物毒害模型归一化处理能体现土壤性质对铜毒害的影响,相比于未归一化(不考虑土壤性质差异的影响)的结果更具科学性.结合铜的生物毒害模型利用Burr Ⅲ构建了中国土壤4种典型情景中的物种敏感性分布曲线,并基于此推导出了不同土壤情景下的铜5％毒害浓度(HC5),其在酸性土壤、中性土壤(包括水稻土)、碱性非石灰性土壤和石灰性土壤中的值分别为13.1、29.9、51.9和26.3 mg·kg-1(以土壤中外源铜为单位).此结果不仅表明了不同土壤条件下的不同物种对铜毒害的敏感性分布规律,还为建立对应土壤性质的铜生态阈值提供了可靠的科学基础.     

石油化工企业消防水高效合理使用探索

分析了企业消防水系统的组成,稳高压系统、低压消防系统和天然水源的优缺点,并提出了科学、有效和合理的分配使用消防水的方法和措施。     

次氯酸钠强化芬顿法处理废水中次磷酸盐同步回收磷酸铁

针对化学镀镍废水中次磷酸盐（H₂PO₂^-）难处理问题,采用次氯酸钠（Na Cl O）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、芬顿法、Na Cl O联用芬顿法对H₂PO₂^-去除效果进行比较,发现Na Cl O可以有效提高芬顿法氧化H₂PO₂^-的效率,并在适当条件下生成磷酸铁（Fe PO₄）沉淀,实现磷的回收.同时,考察了Na Cl O浓度、H₂O₂浓度、溶液初始p H值、反应温度、共存有机阴离子柠檬酸根(C₆H₅O₇^3-)和醋酸根（CH₃COO^-）浓度等条件对Na Cl O强化芬顿法处理H₂PO₂^-反应体系...     

鄱阳湖浮游植物时空变化特征及影响因素分析

在5月、9月、11月对鄱阳湖浮游植物开展野外调查,分析鄱阳湖浮游植物的时空分布特征及原因.结果表明:在群落结构上,鄱阳湖浮游植物样品中共发现8门107属,其中绿藻门54属,占浮游植物总数的50%.3次调查平均生物量最高的为硅藻门(蓝藻门藻细胞密度最高),生物量为0.29 mg·L-1,占浮游植物总生物量的28%,是鄱阳湖的优势藻门;其次分别为隐藻门、甲藻门和绿藻门,分别占26%、21%和17%.空间分布上,南部湖区浮游植物生物量最高,中部区次之,北部湖口水道区最低;时间分布上,5月份浮游植物生物量最高,11月份最低.温度、悬浮物和透明度是影响藻类时空分布的主要影响因素.鄱阳湖总体水动力较好,水华暴发总体风险小,但中部和南部水动力弱的湖区,藻量高,仍有水华风险.     

基于非本地物种毒性数据推导出的水质基准可为本地物种提供适当保护吗？

基于非本地物种的毒性数据推导出的水质基准一直存在争议,质疑者提出应有针对不同生物区系的水质基准。而这个问题在中国尤为突出。本文作者搜集了38种污染物对本地物种和非本地物种的毒性数据,比较了这些生物的HC₅和物种敏感度分布,结果显示,基于非本地物种推导的水质基准有74%的确定性可以有效保护中国的水生态系统。如果采用评价因子(AF=5)来校正基准,那么可以获得90%的确定性。
精选自Xiaowei Jin, Zijian Wang, Yeyao Wang, Yibing Lv, Kaifeng Rao, Wei Jin, John P. Giesy and Kenneth M. Y. Leung. Do water quality criteria based on nonnative species provide appropriate protection for native species? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2985
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2985/full     

我国地表水中药物与个人护理品污染现状及其繁殖毒性筛查

根据文献报道,我国地表水中已检出至少144种药物及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs),包括抗生素、激素、其他药物、个人护理品(personal care products,PCPs)4大类,其中检出浓度最高的达到了μg·L~(-1)量级,在长期的污染下有可能对水生生物产生内分泌干扰效应或繁殖毒性,进而影响到整个水生生物种群的繁衍变化。因此,有必要根据我国地表水中PPCPs的污染水平,筛查出具有潜在生态风险的PPCPs。由于目前缺乏针对PPCPs类污染物的筛选体系,以国内外优先控制污染物筛选体系为基础,借鉴基于风险的欧洲兽药分级方法,利用风险指数(risk index,RI),筛选得出目前我国的地表水中有16种具有繁殖毒性的PPCPs的RI1,包括1种抗生素,5种激素类药物,3种其他药物和7种PCPs,其中乙炔雌二醇(ethinylestradiol,EE2)的RI最高(115 730),其次是壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)(1 796)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)(255.31),对水生态环境有较高的风险的PPCPs需进一步进行较高层次的风险评价。     

Eco-Environmental Evolution, Control, and Adjustment for Aibi Lake Catchment

Aibi Lake in north Xinjiang is a typical lake of the arid area, but with a peculiar wetland–arid area ecosystem. Due to the climate becoming drier and the disturbance of human activities, the eco-environment of Aibi Lake catchment has degraded. It was found in our study that there were spatial–temporal changes of vegetation cover, plant species, and soil physical and chemical properties in the catchment. In the upper section of alluvial–fluvial plains, the desertified steppe of Stipa and Artemisia spp. is developed with vegetation cover of some 50%. Haloxylon ammodendron desert occupies the lower section with vegetation cover of some 60%. In these regions with an intensive human disturbance, vegetation has degraded into herb vegetation of annual plant complexes. On the margins of the alluvial–fluvial fans, the lakeshore, and the surrounding regions where the river mouths join the lake, different azonal vegetation—Phragmites communis marsh, Phragmites communis meadow, and Tamarix shrubs—have developed with a vegetation cover of some 80%. On heavier, salinized land, succulent halophyte desert vegetation dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum has formed with a fractional canopy cover of 10–15%. Haloxylon persicum, Aristida pennata, and other species with a vegetation cover of 30–50% grow in the sand desert zone on the periphery in the lake. In contrast with the 1950s, the vegetation cover around the lakebed and at the river deltas has slightly increased; however, the vegetation cover around the periphery of the lake has decreased and the plant species have still degraded. The surface soils on the windward area and the dried lakebed that have lost vegetation protection have become coarser, whereas the land on the leeward side of the lake has accumulated fine particles. In contrast with the 1980s, soil organic matter has declined markedly. The analyses of climatic data show that the number of days of drifting dust in Jinghe County and Bole City increased in the last 20 years. In the investigation, we found that intensively developed land, the bare lakebed, and abandoned cultivated land provided a great deal of material for drifting dust. In conclusion, we consider the eco-environmental degradation resulting from the inappropriate human activities and put forward recommendations for land-use adjustment and dust control.     

双齿围沙蚕对芘的生物可利用性研究

为近海岸沉积质中PAHs的生态风险评价及其污染生境的修复提供理论依据,以双齿围沙蚕为研究对象,以芘为暴露污染物,开展双齿围沙蚕对芘的生物可利用性研究,分别考察了芘对双齿围沙蚕抗氧化酶活性的影响以及芘在双齿围沙蚕体内的生物富集特征。结果表明,双齿围沙蚕SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性均随诱导时间的增加而升高,且SOD活性随芘浓度的增加出现显著性抑制,CAT和GSH-PX活性则随芘浓度的增加出现显著性升高。芘在双齿围沙蚕体内的生物富集特征如下:双齿围沙蚕体内芘的蓄积量随暴露浓度的增加而增加,各处理组双齿围沙蚕体内芘的蓄积量随时间的变化均呈类凸形的二次曲线关系,在第10天达到蓄积的最大值,最大蓄积量依次为(6.18±0.62)mg·kg~(-1)、(12.37±1.23)mg·kg~(-1)和(24.76±1.51)mg·kg~(-1)。生物富集系数BCF随芘浓度的增加而减小,分别为0.0692、0.0684和0.0674。上述研究结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,双齿围沙蚕抗氧化酶活性对芘的暴露具有很好的指示作用;此外,在短期内,双齿围沙蚕对芘具有明显的富集效应。     

Investigation and modeling of the residential infiltration of fine particulate matter in Beijing,China

The objective of this study was to estimate the residential infiltration factor (Finf) of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and to develop models to predict PM_2.5 Finf in Beijing. Eighty-eight paired indoor–outdoor PM_2.5 samples were collected by Teflon filters for seven consecutive days during both non-heating and heating seasons (from a total of 55 families between August, 2013 and February, 2014). The mass concentrations of PM_2.5 were measured by gravimetric method, and elemental concentrations of sulfur in filter deposits were determined by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry. PM_2.5 Finf was estimated as the indoor/outdoor sulfur ratio. Multiple linear regression was used to construct Finf predicting models. The residential PM_2.5 Finf in non-heating season (0.70 ± 0.21, median = 0.78, n = 43) was significantly greater than in heating season (0.54 ± 0.18, median = 0.52, n = 45, p < 0.001). Outdoor temperature, window width, frequency of window opening, and air conditioner use were the most important predictors during non-heating season, which could explain 57% variations across residences, while the outdoor temperature was the only predictor identified in heating season, which could explain 18% variations across residences. The substantial variations of PM_2.5 Finf between seasons and among residences found in this study highlight the importance of incorporating Finf into exposure assessment in epidemiological studies of air pollution and human health in Beijing. The Finf predicting models developed in this study hold promise for incorporating PM_2.5 Finf into large epidemiology studies, thereby reducing exposure misclassification.

Implications: Failure to consider the differences between indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 may contribute to exposure misclassification in epidemiological studies estimating exposure from a central site measurement. This study was conducted in Beijing to investigate residential PM_2.5 infiltration factor and to develop a localized predictive model in both nonheating and heating seasons. High variations of PM_2.5 infiltration factor between the two seasons and across homes within each season were found, highlighting the importance of including infiltration factor in the assessment of exposure to PM_2.5 of outdoor origin in epidemiological studies. Localized predictive models for PM_2.5 infiltration factor were also developed.     

改性TiO2光催化降解三苯甲烷类污染物

以硫酸钛为原料采用水热法制备了掺Fe3+TiO2晶体粉末,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对样品的结构进行了表征。在可见光条件下,用溴酚蓝、甲基绿、甲基蓝、孔雀石绿、甲基紫和碱性品红等6种典型三苯甲烷类化合物为目标降解物,研究了以自制的掺Fe3+TiO2晶体粉末对它们的催化降解作用。实验结果表明,制备的掺Fe3+TiO2晶体属于锐钛矿型。6种化合物的光催化降解反应遵循拟一级动力学规律,且可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)动力学模型描述,其表观反应速度常数(k)的大小顺序为:溴酚蓝<甲基绿<甲基蓝<孔雀石绿<甲基紫<碱性品红,大小变化次序与其半衰期t1/2成反比,并从分子结构上对它们的降解规律进行定性解释。