The availability of copper in soils historically amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost

Metals in soils amended with sewage sludge are typically less available compared with those in soils spiked with soluble metal salts. However, it is unclear if this difference remains in the long term. A survey of copper (Cu) availability was made in soils amended with sewage sludge, manure, and compost, collectively named organic amendments. Paired sets of amended and control soils were collected from 22 field trials where the organic amendments had aged up to 112 yr. Amended soils had higher total Cu concentrations (range, 2-220 mg Cu kg; median, 15 mg Cu kg) and organic C (range, 1-16 g kg; median, 4 g kg) than control soils. All samples were freshly spiked with CuCl, and the toxicity of added Cu to barley was compared between amended and control soils. The toxicity of added Cu was significantly lower in amended soils than in control soil in 15 sets by, on average, a factor of 1.4, suggesting that aged amendments do not largely increase Cu binding sites. The fraction of added Cu that is isotopic exchangeable Cu (labile Cu) was compared between control soils freshly spiked with CuCl and amended soils with both soils at identical total Cu concentrations. Copper derived from amendments was significantly less labile (on average 5.9-fold) than freshly added Cu in 18 sets of soils. This study shows that Cu availability after long-term applications of organic amendments is lower than that of freshly added Cu salts, mainly because of its lower availability in the original matrix and ageing reactions than because of increased metal binding sites in soil.     

酚类环境雌激素对水生生物毒性效应的研究进展

已有研究发现多种酚类化合物可以干扰水生生物正常内分泌代谢,对生物生殖系统、神经系统、免疫系统等产生毒性效应,进而通过食物链的生物放大作用对人体产生危害。酚类化合物对生物体的内分泌干扰效应已经成为了近年来的研究热点。结合近年来国内外毒理学研究进展,在详细概述酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性效应及作用机制的基础上,并对目前研究中存在的问题以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕实时荧光定量P CR内参基因的筛选

为了筛选出在双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)体壁组织中最适内参基因,以不同浓度双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕互补脱氧核糖核酸(cDNA)为模板进行实时荧光定量PCR,利用Ge Norm、Norm Finder和Bestkeeper三个软件对肌动蛋白(beta-actin, Actin)、核糖体蛋白5(ribosomal protein L5, RPL5)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)、微管蛋白(β-tubulin, Tub)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A, SDHA)和组蛋白(Histone Cluster 1 H_2A Family Member A, HH_2A)这6个备选内参基因的表达量进行分析,筛选出稳定表达的内参基因。结果表明6个内参基因的基因表达量由大到小为ActinGAPDHSDHAHH_2ATubRPL5,Bestkeeper软件分析得到6种内参基因稳定性排名为ActinRPL5SDHATubHH_2AGAPDH,Ge Norm软件分析得出6种内参基因的稳定性排名为SDHARPL5ActinTubHH_2AGAPDH,Normfinder分析的结果为ActinSDHARPL5TubHH_2AGAPDH。综合以上结果确定双酚A诱导下双齿围沙蚕最优内参基因为Actin,不推荐GAPDH作为内参基因使用。推荐同时选取多对内参基因进行实验,可以进一步减少误差。     

土壤中铜和镍的不同毒性阈值间量化关系

污染物的剂量-效应关系是生态毒理学的重要基础。在剂量-效应关系中,EC₁₀ (10%有效抑制浓度) 是建立基于风险的环境质量基准值的基础,但有关污染物生态效应的研究报导中多数采用毒性阈值EC₅₀ (半数抑制浓度),如何将EC₅₀转化为EC₁₀是建立污染物环境质量基准急需解决的问题。利用log-logistic拟合了中国17种代表性土壤中大麦、西红柿、小白菜3种植物的铜和镍剂量—效应曲线,获得了不同土壤中铜、镍剂量—效应曲线中段的斜率(b值),并依据计量—效应曲线获得3种植物在不同土壤中的铜、镍EC₁₀和EC₅₀值。结果表明：铜和镍的剂量—效应曲线 b值受土壤性质显著影响,但不同物种间的变化较小,大麦、西红柿及小白菜的铜、镍剂量—效应曲线b值绝对值的平均值分别接近于6.0和7.0。利用来自中国土壤的毒理学数据建立的铜和镍EC₅₀和EC₁₀单因子量化模型能较为准确地通过铜和镍EC₅₀值预测其EC₁₀值,其量化模型的决定系数 分别为0.704和0.799,当分别考虑土壤pH和有机碳 (OC) 的影响时,铜和镍的EC₁₀量化模型的决定系数分别提高至0.730和0.885。土壤中铜、镍EC₁₀与EC₅₀量化关系的建立可为中国土壤中铜、镍的风险评价及相关标准的制定提供更多的数据基础。     

基于非本地物种毒性数据推导出的水质基准可为本地物种提供适当保护吗？

基于非本地物种的毒性数据推导出的水质基准一直存在争议,质疑者提出应有针对不同生物区系的水质基准。而这个问题在中国尤为突出。本文作者搜集了38种污染物对本地物种和非本地物种的毒性数据,比较了这些生物的HC₅和物种敏感度分布,结果显示,基于非本地物种推导的水质基准有74%的确定性可以有效保护中国的水生态系统。如果采用评价因子(AF=5)来校正基准,那么可以获得90%的确定性。
精选自Xiaowei Jin, Zijian Wang, Yeyao Wang, Yibing Lv, Kaifeng Rao, Wei Jin, John P. Giesy and Kenneth M. Y. Leung. Do water quality criteria based on nonnative species provide appropriate protection for native species? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2985
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2985/full     

Evaluation of impacts of soil fractions on phenanthrene sorption

Phenanthrene sorption to soils and soil fractions was investigated using two contrasting soils with different clay mineral and organic carbon (OC) contents in an attempt to evaluate the contribution of each soil fraction to phenanthrene sorption and the applicability of the carbon-normalized distribution constant (K(OC)) in soils. Sorbents were characterized using surface analysis, solid-state (13)C NMR analysis, and glass transition temperature (T(g)) analysis to gain a insight into the chemical nature of OC in soils. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil solution impeded the phenanthrene sorption, while humins accounted for the predominant phenanthrene sorption in soils. The contribution of OC to phenanthrene sorption in soil would be overestimated if only a K(OC)-approach was adopted, since clay minerals could account for much of the sorption, especially when OC was low in soils. Nitrogen gas was shown to be inappropriate for probing non-polar sorption capacity. The results obtained highlight the importance of clay minerals in governing the sorption of phenanthrene in soil, and emphasize the inapplicability of the carbon-normalized distribution coefficient K(OC) in soils.     

新疆农田废旧地膜污染治理现状及建议

地膜覆盖技术的应用带动了新疆农业生产方式的改变和农业生产力的飞跃发展,然而随着地膜使用量和使用年限不断增长,大量残膜造成的"白色污染"不但严重影响农业生产,而且对农业环境安全也构成了巨大威胁。因此,加强废旧地膜的回收与治理,已经成为新疆农业实现可持续发展的重要保障。即要坚持"环保优先、生态立区"的理念,以建设资源节约型、环境友好型农业生产体系为目标,应以宣传教育为先导,以强化管理为核心,以控源、回收和再利用为重点,走资源开发可持续、生态环境可持续的道路,大力促进生态文明建设。总之,本文在研究分析新疆农田废旧地膜污染治理现状基础上,具体从加快立法、加强监管效能、修订完善地膜标准、加大农田残膜回收利用支持力度、加大资金投入、加强科技研发和推广应用、加大技术培训和宣传力度等方面,研究提出进一步促进新疆农田废旧地膜污染治理工作的相关对策建议。     

硝酸盐废水的连续流电催化脱氮研究

以高效阴极和形稳阳极为基础构建了电催化同步氧化还原脱氮体系,在还原硝酸盐的同时实现总氮的去除.同时,以电镀锌酸洗废水为例进行了连续流电化学脱氮研究,考察了电流密度和水力停留时间对脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,在电流密度为7.5 mA·cm^-2和水力停留时间为3 h的条件下,硝酸盐氮及总氮去除率分别为89.0%和88.6%,N₂选择性达到99.3%以上.通过对体系稳定性的考察,发现随反应时间的延长阴极的还原效率逐渐降低,但对阴极极板进行酸洗后用砂纸清理阴极表面可使体系脱氮效能恢复至初始状态.自由基淬灭试验表明,阴极的直接还原作用为体系中硝酸盐的主要还原机制.