生态产品第四产业理论与发展框架研究

建立健全生态产品价值实现机制是践行习近平生态文明思想的重要举措。随着"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念转化探索实践的不断深入,围绕生态产品供给和价值实现形成的新产业、新业态、新模式不断涌现,生态产品产业有望成为经济高质量发展的新动力和生态文明建设的新模式。本文基于生态产品价值实现的理论和实践,首次提出了生态产品第四产业的概念及内涵特征,初步分析了生态产品第四产业的形成机制和构成要素。结合不同市场属性生态产品的价值实现路径,初步梳理了生态产品第四产业形态,界定了其产业范围,设计了衡量生态产品第四产业核算与发展指标体系,并从供给、消费、交易和利益分配等维度提出了促进生态产品第四产业的政策保障。研究认为,我国生态产品第四产业发展具有很好的基础和前景,应以习近平生态文明思想为指导,加快完善生态产品价值实现机制,让生态产品第四产业发展成为我国新时期的朝阳绿色产业。     

饮用水源水质预警监控断面设置方法及其应用

为进一步保障饮用水源水质安全,以北江的广东辖区段(下称北江)为案例区,研究构建了饮用水源水质预警监控断面设置方法,并开展应用研究. 研究结果:①系统提出了饮用水源水质预警监控断面设置思路. 从断面类型上,划分为入境断面、控制断面、预警断面、目标断面4类;从断面功能上,分别定位为入境水质监控、源头影响控制、早期水质预警、目标水质保障;从断面的风险覆盖范围上,分别在面尺度、线尺度、点尺度3个层面保障水源水质安全;从而构建分类多级的饮用水源水质预警监控站网. ②提出了饮用水源水质预警监控各类断面的设置方法. 如入境断面的设置执行“属地管理”原则,与跨省(市)界断面保持一致;控制断面的设置遵循“快速响应”原则,在高风险源及河段下游就近布设;预警断面的设置遵循“应急缓冲”原则,断面与取水口距离的核算公式是预留的水团迁移时间、设定水文条件下水流流速2类参数的函数,预留迁移时间需要满足不小于当地区域应急响应时间的约束条件;目标断面则直接位于取水口. ③北江流域饮用水源水质预警监控断面初设136个,优化核定后共计111个,包括入境断面6个、控制断面71个、预警断面26个、目标断面16个,其中有8个断面具有多重监控功能属性. ④经验证,该研究中所述方法具有可操作性.      

不同钝化剂对土壤环境中重金属有效性和微生物群落的影响

以云南省澜沧拉祜族自治县铅矿区农田污染土壤为研究对象,采用土培实验的方法,研究生物炭、腐殖土和海泡石单施及配施条件下,土壤Pb、Zn和Cd有效态含量、重金属形态分布及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,腐殖土和生物炭改良剂均能有效地降低生物有效态Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,低剂量海泡石的添加修复效果不明显.其中,腐殖土的施入使土壤...     

从鹞落坪看国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制建设

本文以鹞落坪国家级自然保护区为研究对象,围绕保护区发展过程中出现的问题,探讨了如何运用生态补偿这一手段来有效促进国家级自然保护区的发展。     

基于InVEST模型的官厅水库流域产水和水质净化服务时空变化

官厅水库是北京市及其周边地区重要的水源地之一,曾因水质污染严重而被迫退出北京市饮用水供应系统,经过全面治理后于2007年恢复成为北京市备用水源地.为了从整体上定量分析官厅水库流域生态系统的产水和水质净化服务,基于InVEST模型,选择官厅水库退出北京市饮用水供应系统和恢复成为北京市备用水源地为时间节点,定量评估1995-2010年官厅水库流域生态系统的产水量和TN、TP输出量,分析其产水服务和水质净化服务的时空变化.结果表明:1995-2010年,官厅水库流域产水服务表现为先减弱后增强,但整体呈减弱趋势,流域产水量由1995年的18.85×108 m3降至2010年的14.33×108 m3,产水服务减弱24.0%.水质净化服务表现为先减弱后增强,但整体呈增强趋势,流域的TN、TP输出量分别由1995年的4028.7、379.7 t降至2010年的3611.4和354.0 t,TN、TP净化服务分别增强10.4%和6.8%.研究显示,气候变化和土地利用变化是导致官厅水库流域产水服务发生改变的主要原因,不同时期的水资源保护政策导向也与水质净化服务变化趋势相吻合.      

Measurement of tropospheric HO2 radical using fluorescence assay by gas expansion with low interferences

An instrument to detect atmospheric HO₂ radicals using fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) technique has been developed. HO₂ is measured by reaction with NO to form OH and subsequent detection of OH by laser-induced fluorescence at low pressure. The system performance has been improved by optimizing the expansion distance and pressure, the influence factors of HO₂ conversion efficiency are also studied. The interferences of RO₂ radicals were investigated by determining the conversion efficiency of RO₂ to OH during the measurement of HO₂. The dependence of the conversion of HO₂ on NO concentration was investigated, and low HO₂ conversion efficiency was selected to realize the ambient HO₂ measurement, where the conversion efficiency of RO₂ derived by propane, ethene, isoprene and methanol to OH has been reduced to less than 6% in the atmosphere. Furthermore, no significant interferences from PM_2.5 and NO were found in the ambient HO₂ measurement. The detection limits for HO₂ (S/N = 2) are estimated to 4.8 × 10⁵ cm^?3 and 1.1 × 10⁶ cm^?3 (${\rho }_{\mathrm{H}{\mathrm{O}}_2}$= 20%) under night and noon conditions, with 60 sec signal integration time. The instrument was successfully deployed during STORM-2018 field campaign at Shenzhen graduate school of Peking University. The concentration of atmospheric HOx radical and the good correlation of OH with j(O¹D) was obtained here. The diurnal variation of HOx concentration shows that the OH maximum concentration of those days is about 5.3 × 10⁶ cm^?3 appearing around 12:00, while the HO₂ maximum concentration is about 4.2 × 10⁸ cm^?3 appearing around 13:30.     

超声波与其他技术联用在水污染控制中的研究现状

主要介绍了国内外利用超声波与其他技术的联用方法降解水中污染物的进展 ,显示出超声波在降解有机污染物领域潜在的应用前景。     

Linear free energy relationships for dechlorination of aromatic chlorides by Pd/Fe

Reductive dechlorination rate constants for five chlorobenzenes in the presence of Pd/Fe as catalyst were determined experimentally. Linear free energy relationships (LFER) for the dechlorination rate constants of five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols were developed by partial least squares (PLS) regression based on quantum chemical parameters computed by PM3 Hamiltonian. The optimal LFER model obtained is

logk=−1.63+1.46×10⁻³ΔH_f−7.69×10⁻¹E_LUMO

where k stands for the dechlorination rate constants, ΔH_f is the standard heat of formation, and E_LUMO is the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The Q²_cum value of the model is 0.879, indicating good robustness and predictive power of the model.     

A hydroxyl radical detection system using gas expansion and fast gating laser-induced fluorescence techniques

An OH radical measurement instrument based on Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion(FAGE)has been developed in our laboratory.Ambient air is introduced into a low-pressure fluorescence cell through a pinhole aperture and irradiated by a dye laser at a high repetition rate of 8.5 k Hz.The OH radical is both excited and detected at 308 nm using A-X(0,0)band.To satisfy the high efficiency needs of fluorescence collection and detection,a 4-lens optical system and a self-designed gated photomultiplier(PMT)is used,and gating is actualized by switching the voltage applied on the PMT dynodes.A micro channel photomultiplier(MCP)is also prepared for fluorescence detection.Then the weak signal is accumulated by a photon counter in a specific timing.The OH radical excitation spectrum range in the wavelength of 307.82–308.2 nm is detected and the excited line for OH detection is determined to be Q_1(2)line.The calibration of the FAGE system is researched by using simultaneous photolysis of H_2O and O_2.The minimum detection limit of the instrument using gated PMT is determined to be 9.4×10~5molecules/cm~3,and the sensitivity is 9.5×10~(-7)cps/(OH·cm~(-3)),with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 and an integration time of 60 sec,while OH detection limit and the detection sensitivity using MCP is calculated to be 1.6×10~5molecules/cm~3and 2.3×10~(-6)cps/(OH·cm~(-3)).The laboratory OH radical measurement is carried out and results show that the proposed system can be used for atmospheric OH radical measurement.