膜生物反应器工艺参数控制研究

以外压管式膜生物反应器和中空纤维一体式膜生物反应器处理城市污水试验为基础,对膜生物反应器工艺参数控制进行了研究。试验首次建立了曝气池容积与膜面积比的计算关系式,即V/A=J·S_O/N·X。验证了膜通量与污泥浓度的对数呈线性关系,污泥浓度愈高,膜通量愈低。还讨论了HRT和SRT对膜生物反应器生物性能以及出水水质的影响。     

平面滑动型涉水岩质滑坡速度计算模型研究

很多大水库有大量的库岸滑坡涉水,水阻力无疑是涉水滑坡运动速度的一个最重要影响因素.将水中运动块体迎水面所受的总阻力分为静水阻力和运动阻力两部分,基于块体水下运动阻力实验,分析了不同运动速度和不同涉水深度对水下运动块体迎水面所受到的水阻力的影响,确定了水下运动块体迎水面的水阻力计算模型;以平面滑动型涉水岩质滑坡为模型,分析了水下部分静水压力的计算模型,结合滑坡运动的动力学和运动学方程,提出了平面滑动型涉水岩质滑坡运动速度计算模型.     

Fluorescence detection of phosphate in an aqueous environment by an aluminum-based metal-organic framework with amido functionalized ligands

● A novel Al-MOF was successfully synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. ● Al-MOF showed superior performance for phosphate detection. ● High selectivity and anti-interference for detection were demonstrated. ● The high coordination between Al-O and PO₄³⁻ was the key in fluorescence sensing. The on-site monitoring of phosphate is important for environmental management. Conventional phosphate detection methods are not appropriate to on-site monitoring owing to the use of complicated detection procedures, and the consequent high cost and maintenance requirements of the detection apparatus. Here, a highly sensitive fluorescence-based method for phosphate detection with a wide detection range was developed based on a luminescent aluminum-based metal-organic framework (Al-MOF). The Al-MOF was prepared by introducing amine functional groups to conventional MIL to enhance phosphate binding, and exhibited excellent fluorescence properties that originated from the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). The detection limit was as low as 3.25 μmol/L (0.10 mg/L) and the detection range was as wide as 3–350 μmol/L (0.10–10.85 mg/L). Moreover, Al-MOF displayed specific recognition toward phosphate over most anions and metal cations, even for a high concentration of the co-existent ions. The mechanism of phosphate detection was analyzed through the characterization of the combination of Al-MOF and phosphate, and the results indicated the high affinity between Al-O and phosphate inhibited that the LMCT process and recovered the intrinsic fluorescence of NH₂-H₂BDC. The recovery of the developed detection method reached a satisfactory range of 85.1%–111.0%, and the feasibility of on-site phosphate detection was verified using a prototype sensor for tap water and lake water samples. It was demonstrated that the prepared Al-MOF is highly promising for on-site detection of phosphate in an aqueous environment.     

超声波及其联用技术降解废水中的氯苯

研究了在降解含氯苯废水的过程中，超声波分别与H2O2、O2、空气联用对氯苯降解效率的影响。结果表明，超声波分别与H2O2、O2、空气联用比单独使用超声波降解效率分别提高40、30、18个百分点。并且随H2O2用量的增加，降解效率明显升高。对于O2、空气，当气体流量小于0．3754mL／s时，降解效率随O2、空气流量的增大而明显升高。     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Daphnia magna: Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the effects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using different environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have affected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

Fenton氧化处理爆炸物污染土壤的实验研究

采用摇瓶和玻璃柱试验考察了Fenton氧化处理爆炸物污染土壤中2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT以及COD等的去除效果及其最佳参数.当3%H2O2投加量达到26.46mmol、FeSO4和H2O2的物质的量之比约为1∶73.56时,2,4-DNT和2,6-DNT均可被完全氧化,COD去除率可达到87%.对于2,4-DNT和2,6-DNT,反应时间只需要2h,但要同时去除其它芳香族硝基化合物,则反应时间需要超过8h.土壤直接Fenton氧化的效果并不理想,而对洗出液进行Fenton氧化可以取得很好的效果.通过反应动力学分析和丙酮抑制试验得出,2,4-DNT比2,6-DNT容易氧化.GC-MS分析结果表明,不仅土壤中的2,4-DNT、2,6-DNT可被氧化,其它的硝基芳香族有机化合物也可被氧化去除.     

苏州市各功能区水环境中碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了解苏州市水环境中营养元素的时空分布特征及潜在生态风险,于苏州市城区、城郊和郊区共设置16个采样点,并对全年水样和沉积物样进行各形态碳、氮、磷含量的测定。结果表明:(1)时间尺度上,水体中春季溶解性有机质(DOC)极显著低于秋、冬季,TN季节性差异不显著,春、夏季TP极显著高于秋、冬季。沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、TN和TP均在冬季最高、春季最低。(2)空间尺度上,水体中城区TP高于城郊和郊区。沉积物中TOC、TP均呈现城区郊区城郊的分布特征。(3)水体富营养化评价综合指数表明,1个采样点为极富营养级,11个为重富营养级,4个为富营养级,春、夏两季富营养化风险高。(4)苏州市整体有机氮污染较严重,城区沉积物中生物有效性磷最高,对上覆水的磷释放风险最高。(5)相关性分析表明,沉积物中TP、无机磷和铁铝磷来源可能相同。     

基于因子分析和BP神经网络的滑坡抗剪强度参数取值

滑坡抗剪强度参数取值是一直困扰滑坡防治工程设计的一大难题,目前其研究方法主要有试验法、反分析和统计分析法,但都没有考虑其他基本物理力学参数的影响。为此,提出了以某一区域工程地质条件相似的滑坡基本物理力学参数为基础,采用SPSS数学分析软件分析滑坡各基本物理力学参数与抗剪强度的相关性,筛选出对滑坡抗剪强度影响较大的因子;然后采用BP神经网络模型研究区域滑坡抗剪强度与影响因子的网络结构,并以建立的神经网络结构对该区域的滑坡抗剪强度参数进行估算;最后以万州区滑坡为例进行分析和验证。研究结果表明,采用神经网络计算的结果与滑坡试验得到的结果误差基本都在5%左右,精度较高。     

水源型水库抗生素抗性基因赋存特征研究

饮用水水源地中抗生素抗性基因会威胁生态安全和人类健康.为了探究抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)在金泽水源型水库中的赋存特征,以及水库净化措施对抗生素抗性基因的净化作用,选择微生物活性较高的夏季时期采集水样,采用高通量荧光定量PCR和16S rRNA实时荧光定量PCR进行研究.结果表明,该水库检出62种ARGs;多重抗药类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类ARGs为水库内占主导的抗性基因.抗生素抗性基因绝对丰度从水库的预处理区至生态净化区,再至输水区呈逐渐降低的趋势,表明水库净化措施对削减ARGs含量有一定作用.抗性基因丰度与可移动基因元件(Mobile Genetic Elements,MGEs)丰度存在显著相关性(p0.05),表明MGEs对ARGs的水平转移、传播和富集具有重要作用.     

平板膜生物反应器处理阴离子表面活性剂的研究

通过向进水中投加不同浓度的阴离子表面活性剂(LAS),研究了一体式平板膜生物反应器对高浓度LAS的去除性能。实验结果表明,当LAS投加量分别为15、25、35mg/L时,系统对LAS的平均去除率分别为97.73%、95.16%、91.49%,生物降解对LAS及COD的去除起到了主要作用。