活性炭烟气脱硫技术研究新进展

研制了新型活性炭脱硫剂－脱硫活性碳纤维。研究表明，脱硫活性碳纤维由于含碳量高、比表面积大、微孔丰富、孔径分布窄、有较多适于吸附ＳＯ２的表面官能团，因而吸附能力及吸附、脱附速度显著大于普通活性炭。在相同工艺条件下，脱硫活性碳纤维吸附容量为粒状疾性炭的４－５倍，空速粒达活性炭的１０倍。采用活性碳纤维脱硫可比普通活性碳脱硫剂用量成倍减少。另外，由于活性碳纤维阻力小，系统能耗可显著降低。活性碳烟气脱硫采用     

土地资源与区域农业结构的关系——以秦皇岛市域为例

土地类型学、土地资源学、土地利用现状研究以及土地利用规划被认为是土地科学的四个分支。实际上它们又可以被看作是一个整体的几个基本环节,彼此间具有紧密的联系。作者在1982—1983年在秦皇岛市域进行了土地资源调查工作,试图由此探讨土地科学中各分支之间的关系,以及有关的工作方法和工作程序。着重讨论土地资源的适宜性评价以及与确定区域农业结构的关系。     

微波辅助氢氧化钠改性竹炭对水溶液中铜离子的吸附

以竹炭为原料,NaOH为改性药剂,采用微波辅助加热的方法对竹炭进行改性,并利用SEM、EDAX、BET、FTIR、pHzpc和Boehm滴定等方法对改性前后的竹炭进行表征.考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、温度和离子强度等对改性竹炭吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明微波辅助NaOH改性提高了竹炭的比表面积,增加了其表面含氧官能团和总碱基的数量;改性竹炭吸附Cu2+的最佳pH值约为5,吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,Langmuir吸附等温方程比Freundlich方程更适合描述Cu2+在改性竹炭上的吸附行为,吸附为放热的物理吸附过程.     

高分辨率数据驱动的流域非点源污染输出风险评估方法

近年来,非点源污染已成为我国部分水库水质恶化的主要原因.以潘家口水库流域为例,引入动态降水因子和地形因子改进经典的输出风险模型,结合高分辨率的卫星反演降水产品(GPM)和高分六号卫星影像,建立高分辨率数据驱动的非点源污染输出风险评估模型,开展潘家口水库流域的非点源污染输出风险时空分布特征研究.结果表明,研究区2018年非点源污染输出风险较高,其中氮元素污染输出高风险和较高风险区约占流域总面积的70.6%,磷元素污染输出无高风险区,较高风险区约占流域总面积的21.9%.分析流域非点源污染输出风险时空分布特征,发现4～9月潘家口水库流域非点源污染输出风险呈现先增后减趋势,在7月和8月最高,与流域降水时空分布一致;结合土地利用分布特征分析,流域上游以耕地为主,城市集中在流域下游,受农业生产和人类活动的影响,这些区域的非点源污染输出风险较高.针对非点源污染输出风险时空分布特征,应制定合理的农业施肥方式,规划非点源污染“源-汇”景观布局以及建设植被缓冲带.     

一个远距离输送-化学转化模式及其在酸雨研究中的应用

建立了一个将空气污染物远距离输送和大气边界层内气相化学反应模式相结合的拉格朗日模式,并应用于华南的酸雨研究.观测的SO_2浓度及硫酸盐浓度与计算结果比较,效果较好.     

中国市政污泥中磷的含量与形态分布

于2016年采集了全国46个城市的市政污泥样品,运用SMT法测定了污泥中不同形态磷的含量.结果表明,我国市政污泥中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、非磷灰石态无机磷（NAIP）、磷灰石态无机磷（AP）、有机磷（OP）和生物有效磷（NAIP+OP）的平均含量分别为（17.32±5.13）、（11.71±4.01）、（9.18±3.44）、（3.03±2.74）、（4.54±4.23）和（13.72±4.36）g·kg^-1.其中IP是污泥中磷的主要存在形态,占TP含量的60%以上;NAIP是主要的无机磷形态,占IP含量的66%以上.污泥中生物有效磷占TP含量的比例介于66.8%~96.1%之间,二者呈现极显著正相关关系（r=0.942,P<0.01）.市政污泥磷含量和排放量总体上呈现东高西低的空间分布规律.2016年随污泥处置排放入环境的磷达到了1.04×10⁵ t,其中1.95×10⁴ t随污泥农用进入土壤,4.69×10⁴ t进入填埋场,1.47×10⁴ t进入建筑材料中,2.34×10⁴ t经垃圾焚烧进入焚烧灰,4.50t被直接倾倒丢弃.与历史数据对比发现,我国市政污泥中总磷的含量呈现先升高、后降低的变化趋势.     

南方某水库水体中抗生素生态与健康风险研究

环境中大量残留的抗生素将对生态环境和人体健康造成潜在危害。本研究采用风险商值法(RQ)评价了林肯霉素、红霉素(脱水)、罗红霉素、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺二甲嘧啶、头孢呋辛、头孢氨苄、甲硝唑、阿莫西林和氯霉素10种抗生素对南方某水库水体产生的生态风险,并对10种抗生素进行了化学非致癌物风险评价。结果表明,7个采样点中共检出8种抗生素,残留量在1.2~130.0 ng·L~(-1)之间。红霉素(脱水)、林肯霉素、磺胺甲噁唑这3种抗生素在丰水期、枯水期的所有采样点均有检出,磺胺二甲嘧啶和头孢呋辛在枯水期的检出率也为100%,而氯霉素和阿莫西林在7个样点均未检出。风险评价结果表明,除个别样点外,该水库抗生素残留的整体风险不高。丰水期和枯水期A河水体中磺胺甲噁唑的生态风险商大于1,A河(丰水期和枯水期)、B河(丰水期)和库中3号样点(枯水期)的联合毒性风险商大于1,表明这3个样点的抗生素残留对生态环境存在较严重的威胁,其余采样点抗生素的联合毒性风险商处于0.1到1之间,需长期观测其抗生素的环境动态,以避免高风险危害的发生。该水库10种抗生素残留引起的非致癌物风险数量级在10~(-1)5到10~(-1)2之间,说明该水库中10种抗生素通过饮水途径引起的非致癌风险很低,远低于可接受风险水平,甚至远低于可忽略风险水平。     

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

● Coupling merits of SEE and ERH were explored by a laboratory-scale device. ● SEE promotes the soil electrical conductivity and ERH process. ● Preheating soil by ERH improves the soil permeability and SEE. ● Combined method is more energy-efficient for perchloroethylene extraction. In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology. This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies: steam-enhanced extraction (SEE) and electrical resistance heating (ERH). The results showed that injecting high-density steam (> 1 g/min) into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content (> 13.3%) could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam. For ERH alone, the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power. When ERH and SEE were combined, preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability, effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE. Meanwhile, steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity, thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process. Compared with ERH alone (8 V/cm) and SEE alone (1 g/min steam), the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3% and 52.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.     

Long-term operation of biofilters for biological removal of ammonia

Biological removal of ammonia was investigated using two types of packing materials, compost and sludge in laboratory-scale biofilters (8l reactor volume). The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with these supports in terms of ammonia emissions treatment. Experimental tests and measurements included analysis of removal efficiency, metabolic products, and results of long-term operation. The inlet concentration of ammonia applied was 20-200 mg m-3. The ammonia loading rates of 24.9-566 g NH3 m-3 d-1 to compost biofilter (BF3) and 24.9-472 g NH3 m-3 d-1 to sludge biofilter (BF4) were applied for 210 days, respectively. Removal efficiencies of the compost and sludge biofilters were in the range of 97-99% and 95-99%, respectively when the inlet concentration of ammonia was below 110 mg m-3, and the maximum elimination capacities were 288 and 243 g NH3m-3d-1, respectively. However, removal efficiency and elimination capacity of both biofilters significantly decreased as the inlet concentration increased to above 110 mg m-3. By using kinetic analysis, the maximum removal rate of ammonia, Vm, and the saturation constant, Ks, were determined for both packing materials and the value of Vm for compost was found to be larger. Periodic analysis of the biofilter packing materials showed the accumulation of the nitrification product NO3- in the operation. During the experiment, the pressure drops measured were very low. The use of both packing materials requires neither nutritive aqueous solution nor buffer solution.     

修复受污染水体的潜流人工湿地微生物多样性研究

进行了潜流人工湿地修复受污染水体试验研究,并比较单一植物与单一填料系统与多种植物系统与多种填料系统的处理效果.运用PCR-DGGE技术研究3种不同类型的潜流人工湿地中微生物种群结构,结合多样性分析和聚类分析方法,分析了人工湿地微生物种群结构特征.