The variations of exergies and structural exergies along eutrophication gradients in Chinese and Italian lakes

Taking 29 Chinese lakes and 29 Italian lakes as two separate case studies, the paper presented the variations of exergies and structural exergies along eutrophication gradients in Chinese and Italian lakes. The exergies (Ex) and structural exergies (Exst) were calculated based on phytoplankton biomass (BA) and zooplankton biomass (BZ). A trophic state index (TSI) scaling from 0 to 100 was developed to classify trophic status for Chinese and Italian lakes based on three indicators, chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a, in mg/m³), total phosphorus (TP in mg/m³) and transparency in Secchi disk depth (SD in m). The relationships between TSI and Ex, Exst, total biomass, BZ/BA ratios were analyzed. The following results were obtained: (1) with the increase of TSI in Chinese and Italian lakes, there is an increasing trend for Ex, and a decreasing trend for Exst, generally. The obvious negative correlations exist between TSI and Exst, at the significant level of 0.01 for Italian lakes, and 0.05 for Chinese lakes. The obvious positive correlations exist between TSI and Ex, at the significant level of 0.01 for Chinese lakes, and for Italian lakes in Spring, Autumn and the all-year. (2) The structural exergy is more dependent on the ratio of phytoplankton biomass to zooplankton biomass (BZ/BA) than the exergy, and the exergy is more dependent on total biomass than the structural exergy. (3) The phytoplankton biomass (BA) and zooplankton biomass (BZ) are increased with the increasing TSI in Chinese and Italian lakes, and phytoplankton biomass (BA) increases more rapidly then zooplankton biomass (BZ) does. This results in the definite decrease of BZ/BA ratio with the increasing trophic status index. Such changes of BA, BZ and BZ/BA ratio could explain successfully the variations of exergies and structural exergies along eutrophication gradients in Chinese and Italian lakes. From the two separate case studies of Chinese lakes and Italian lakes, it could be concluded that exergy and structural exergy are feasible to serve as the system-level ecological indicators to give appropriate information on the trophic status of different lakes.     

栅藻LX1和雨生红球藻的胞外产物产生特性及其对藻细胞生长的影响

基于微藻在资源化大规模培养过程中,其胞外产物对藻细胞生长影响的不确定性,对比研究了两株高含油脂藻种,栅藻LX1（Scenedesmus sp.LX1）和雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvislis）的生长特征、胞外产物的产生特性,以及胞外产物对藻细胞生长的影响。研究结果表明,在相同培养条件下,栅藻LX1与雨生红球藻的内禀生长速率基本相当,分别为0.16和0.17 d-1。两株藻在不同生长期的胞外产物（以DOC值表征）产生速率不同,其中栅藻LX1胞外产物的对数期产生速率（1.4 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥稳定期后期产生速率（0.56 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥稳定期产生速率（0.48 mg·L-1·d-1）;雨生红球藻胞外产物的稳定期后期产生速率（2.3 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥稳定期产生速率（0.88 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥对数期产生速率（0.66 mg·L-1·d-1）。栅藻LX1胞外产物对其整个生长过程都有明显抑制;雨生红球藻胞外产物则在稳定期后期才对其生长产生明显抑制作用。     

应用物种敏感性分布法对太湖沉积物中多环芳烃的生态风险分析

多环芳烃(PAHs)具有高的疏水性,在水体中优先分布于沉积物.采用物种敏感性分布法(SSDs法),依据水生生物慢性毒性数据计算5%物种危害浓度(HC5);并结合欧盟委员会风险评价技术导则(TGD)进而得到沉积物预测无效应浓度(PNEC-sed),以报道的太湖的沉积物中浓度数据作为预测环境浓度(PECsed);用商值法P...     

Monitoring urban expansion and land use/land cover changes of Shanghai metropolitan area during the transitional economy (1979�C2009) in China

This study explored the spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use/cover changes and urban expansion in Shanghai metropolitan area, China, during the transitional economy period (1979?C2009) using multi-temporal satellite images and geographic information systems (GIS). A maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm was employed to extract information from four landsat images, with the post-classification change detection technique and GIS-based spatial analysis methods used to detect land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes. The overall Kappa indices of land use/cover change maps ranged from 0.79 to 0.89. Results indicated that urbanization has accelerated at an unprecedented scale and rate during the study period, leading to a considerable reduction in the area of farmland and green land. Findings further revealed that water bodies and bare land increased, obviously due to large-scale coastal development after 2000. The direction of urban expansion was along a north-south axis from 1979 to 2000, but after 2000 this growth changed to spread from both the existing urban area and along transport routes in all directions. Urban expansion and subsequent LULC changes in Shanghai have largely been driven by policy reform, population growth, and economic development. Rapid urban expansion through clearing of vegetation has led to a wide range of eco-environmental degradation.     

Size distribution and seasonal variations of particle-associated organochlorine pesticides in Jinan, China

The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in atmospheric particulate matter in Jinan, China, over the period from July 2009 to June 2010, were determined to study their pollution levels, compositions, size distribution and seasonal variations. All target compounds except endosulfan sulfate were detected. The annual average concentration of ∑18 OCPs was 92 ± 82 pg m(-3). Total HCH, total endrin, aldrin, endosulfan compounds and total DDT compounds were the primary components, accounting for approximately 27%, 20%, 16%, 14% and 10% of total OCPs, respectively. The annual mean ng g(-1) concentrations of ∑18 OCPs in PM(2.5), PM(5), PM(10) and TSP were 481 ± 190, 433 ± 161, 414 ± 158 and 264 ± 193, respectively, indicating that most OCPs tend to be strongly absorbed by fine air particles which were strongly related to a potential health risk. Distinct seasonal trends were found in OCPs concentrations with high concentrations appearing in November and March whereas low concentrations appeared in the summer, which were significantly positively correlated with particulate mass concentrations and Air Pollution Index (API). The high OCPs levels could be attributed to the seasonal usage, long-range atmospheric transport as well as adverse meteorological conditions.     

毛织服装业清洁生产审核的思考与实践

对东莞市40多家毛织服装企业开展了清洁生产实践,系统分析毛织服装行业的清洁生产思路和要点,结合典型案例,总结出各项清洁生产技术方案对毛织服装行业节能降耗减污增效的影响,阐述了毛织服装行业清洁生产的若干规律。     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Prorocentrum donghaiense

The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.     

2株好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其强化贫营养生物膜脱氮效果

经富集培养、BTB培养基初筛与反硝化能力测定,从城市污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选得到2株好氧反硝化细菌.通过16S rDNA同源性分析对2株菌进行鉴定;并将这2菌株接种到贫营养生物膜体系中以探究它们对系统总氮的去除能力的强化.结果表明,这2株菌分别属于Pseudomonas aeruginosa和Pseudomonas putida,2株好氧反硝化菌单独存在时,对模拟废水的TN去除率分别达78%和82%;2株细菌强化后的生物膜系统对TN去除率达68%和64%,较非强化对照系统分别提高47%和43%,且NH4+-N去除率均接近100%.说明这2株好氧反硝化细菌具有较强的反硝化能力,并能够有效强化生物膜在贫营养条件下的反硝化能力,并且不会抑制生物膜硝化能力,可实现生物膜系统同步硝化反硝化.     

1株分离自煤矿废水的铁硫氧化细菌LY01的鉴定及其氧化特性研究

从贵州省某煤矿废水中分离出1株嗜酸性的铁硫氧化细菌菌株LY01,经过对该菌株的形态特征、理化特征检测及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定菌株LY01为嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans).在无机盐培养液中菌株LY01可以从氧化Fe2+、单质硫(S0)及黄铁矿(FeS2)获得能量生长,对Fe2+的氧化速率最快,反应30 h即可将44.2 g.L-1的FeSO4.7H2O完全氧化,菌体细胞达到4.2×107个.mL-1;反应21 d可将溶液中10 g.L-1含量的S0氧化6.7%,溶液中SO24-浓度达2 001 mg.L-1,菌体细胞达到8.9×107个.mL-1;反应20 d可将溶液中30 g.L-1含量的FeS2氧化10%,溶液中SO24-浓度达4 443 mg.L-1,菌体细胞达到3.4×108个.mL-1.研究重金属离子Ni2+、Pb2+对菌株LY01氧化FeS2活性的影响,结果发现10～100 mg.L-1的Ni2+对菌株LY01氧化FeS2活性有一定的影响,而10～100 mg.L-1Pb2+对菌株LY01氧化FeS2的活性无影响.     

Quantification, morphology and source of humic acid, kerogen and black carbon in offshore marine sediments from Xiamen Gulf, China

Three types of macromolecular organic matters (MOMs), i.e. humic acid (HA), kerogen+black carbon (KB), and black carbon (BC) were extracted from marine sediments of Xiamen Gulf, southeast of China. The chemical composition, morphological property and source of the three extractions were characterized by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that KB was the predominant fraction in MOMs, which accounted for 61.79%-89.15% of the total organic content (TOC), while HA consisted less than 5%. The relative high contents of kerogen and BC, and low contents of HA in the samples indicated that anthropogenic input might be the major source of organic matter in marine sediments near the industrial regions. The characterization of SEM, not only revealed morphological properties of the three fractions, but also allowed a better understanding of the source of MOMs. The δ 13 C values of the three fractions suggested that materials from terrestrial C 3 plants were predominant. Furthermore, the anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of sewage, coal and biomass combustion from industry nearby and agricultural practices within drainage basin of the Jiulong River, were remarkably contributed to the variations in δ 13 C values of MOMs in the offshore marine sediments.