Thermodynamic estimation of minor element distribution between immiscible liquids in Fe-Cu-based metal phase generated in melting treatment of municipal solid wastes

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become an important target in managing material cycles from the viewpoint of not only waste management and control of environmental pollution but also resource conservation. This study investigated the distribution tendency of trace elements in municipal solid waste (MSW) or incinerator ash, including valuable non-ferrous metals (Ni, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ti, V, W, Zr), precious group metals (PGMs) originated from WEEE (Ag, Au, Pd, Pt), and others (Al, B, Pb, Si), between Fe-rich and Cu-rich metal phases by means of simple thermodynamic calculations. Most of the typical alloying elements for steel (Co, Cr, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ti, V, and W) and Rh were preferentially distributed into the Fe-rich phase. PGMs, such as Au, Ag, and Pd, were enriched in the Cu-rich phase, whereas Pt was almost equally distributed into both phases. Since the primary metallurgical processing of Cu is followed by an electrolysis for refining, and since PGMs in crude copper have been industrially recovered from the resulting anode slime, our results indicated that Ag, Au, and Pd could be effectively recovered from MSW if the Cu-rich phase could be selectively collected.     

Vocal competition in male Xenopus laevis frogs

Male Xenopus laevis frogs produce underwater advertisement calls that attract gravid females and suppress calling by male competitors. Here we explore whether groups of males establish vocal ranks and whether auditory cues alone suffice for vocal suppression. Tests of male–male pairs within assigned groups reveal linear vocal dominance relations, in which each male has a defined rank. Both the duration over which males interact, as well as the number of competitive opportunities, affect linearity. Linear dominance across the group is stable for about 2 weeks; rank is dynamic. Males engage in physical interactions (clasping) while paired but clasping and vocal rank are not correlated. Playbacks of advertisement calls suppress calling and calls from high- and low-ranking males are equally effective. Thus, auditory cues alone suffice to suppress vocal behavior. Playback intensities equivalent to a nearby male advertising effectively suppress calling while low-intensity playbacks are either ineffective or stimulate vocal behavior. X. laevis advertisement calls are biphasic, composed of alternating fast and slow click trills. Approximately half the males tested are more vocally suppressed by all slow than by all fast trills; thus, these males can distinguish between the two phases. The fully aquatic family Pipidae diverged from terrestrial ancestors approximately 170 mya. Vocal suppression in the X. laevis mating system may represent the translation of an ancient anuran social strategy to underwater life.     

Are behavioral syndromes invariant? Spatiotemporal variation in shy/bold behavior in squid

Behavioral syndromes are correlated suites of behavior, analogous to human personality traits. Most work to date has been taken from limited “snapshots” in space and time, with the implicit assumption that a behavioral syndrome is an invariant property, fixed by evolutionary constraints or adaptations. However, directional selection on two mechanistically independent traits (selective covariance) could also result in correlated behaviors. Previously, we have shown that shy/bold behavior in Southern dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica) across predator encounter and feeding risk contexts is genetically and phenotypically uncoupled, and hence potentially free to vary independently. Here, we collected data on shy/bold behaviors from two independent wild populations of squid in two different years to test whether behavioral correlations across these same two functional contexts vary through time and space. We detected significant influences of population, sex, and body size on the expression of boldness in squid within each functional context, and this was coupled with significant differences in relative population density and adult sex ratio. Despite these changes in behavior and demographic parameters, we found that correlations between boldness scores across the two functional contexts were largely absent in both wild populations of squid in both years. Our work suggests that some animal groups may be largely characterized by context-specific behavioral expression. A theoretical framework which conceptualizes behavioral syndromes resulting from context-specific behavioral rules may be needed to fully understand why behaviors are sometimes correlated, and why sometimes they are not.     

基于LEAP模型的工业园区碳达峰路径：以南京某国家级开发区为例

工业园区是能源消费和碳排放的密集区域,推动工业园区碳达峰对国家早日实现碳达峰目标具有重要意义.以南京某国家级开发区为例,基于LEAP模型,设置基准情景（BAU）、非工业减排（S1）、全行业一般减排（S2）、全行业强化减排（S3）和深度减排（S4）共5类情景,分析各情景下的能源消费需求和CO2排放变化情况,评估各项措施的碳减排贡献,提出园区实现碳达峰目标的政策建议.结果表明,S2、S3和S4情景下能源消费需求和CO2排放量将分别于2035、2030和2028年达到峰值,能源消费需求峰值（以标煤计）分别为26.28、21.66和19.10万t,CO2排放峰值分别为75.35、59.34和53.24万t.工业是研究区域能源消费和碳排放的主要贡献行业,S2、S3和S4情景下工业能源消费和碳排放占比分别于2035年、2030年和2028年达到峰值57.1%、56.0%、53.6%和64.2%、66.2%和62.9%.工业能效提升的碳减排贡献最大,其次为经济增速放缓,交通新能源汽车推广和公共建筑节能的碳减排贡献不显著.综合考虑碳达峰时间和园区碳排放强度考核目标,建议将S3情景作为该园区碳达峰的实施...     

A systematic review of snake translocations to identify potential tactics for reducing postrelease effects

Advancements in the field of reintroduction biology are needed, but understanding of how to effectively conduct translocations, particularly with snakes, is lacking. We conducted a systematic review of snake translocation studies to identify potential tactics for reducing postrelease effects. We included studies on intentional, human-mediated, wild–wild, or captive–wild translocations to any location, regardless of motive or number of snakes translocated. Only studies that presented results for at least 1 of 4 outcomes (movement behavior, site fidelity, survival, or population establishment) were included. We systematically searched 4 databases for published studies and used 5 methods to search the gray literature. Our search and screening criteria yielded 121 data sources, representing 130 translocation cases. We quantified the association between 15 translocation tactics and short-term translocation outcomes by calculating odds ratios and used forest plots to display results. Snake translocations involved 47 species (from mainly 2 families), and most were motivated by research, were monitored for at least 6 months, occurred in North America, and took place from the 1990s onward. The odds of a positive snake translocation outcome were highest with release of captive reared or juvenile snakes, release of social groups together, delayed release, provision of environmental enrichment or social housing before release, or minimization of distance translocated. The odds of a positive outcome were lowest when snakes were released early in their active season. Our results do not demonstrate causation, but outcomes of snake translocation were associated with 8 tactics (4 of which were strongly correlated). In addition to targeted comparative studies, we recommend practitioners consider the possible influence of these tactics when planning snake translocations.     

Prediction of high-density polyethylene pyrolysis using kinetic parameters based on thermogravimetric and artificial neural networks

● Reducting the sampling frequency can enhance the modelling process. ● The pyrolysis of HDPE was investigated at three different heating rates. ● The average E_a and k₀ were calculated by Friedman, KAS, FWO, and CR methods. ● ANN was employed to predict the HDPE weight loss with the optimal MSE and R². Pyrolysis is considered an attractive option and a promising way to dispose waste plastics. The thermogravimetric experiments of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were conducted from 105 °C to 900 °C at different heating rates (10 °C/min, 20 °C/min, and 30 °C/min) to investigate their thermal pyrolysis behavior. We investigated four methods including three model-free methods and one model-fitting method to estimate dynamic parameters. Additionally, an artificial neural network model was developed by providing the heating rates and temperatures to predict the weight loss (wt.%) of HDPE, and optimized via assessing mean squared error and determination coefficient on the test set. The optimal MSE (2.6297 × 10⁻²) and R² value (R² > 0.999) were obtained. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor obtained from four different models achieves the acceptable value between experimental and predicted results. The relative error of the model increased from 2.4 % to 6.8 % when the sampling frequency changed from 50 s to 60 s, but showed no significant difference when the sampling frequency was below 50 s. This result provides a promising approach to simplify the further modelling work and to reduce the required data storage space. This study revealed the possibility of simulating the HDPE pyrolysis process via machine learning with no significant accuracy loss of the kinetic parameters. It is hoped that this work could potentially benefit to the development of pyrolysis process modelling of HDPE and the other plastics.     

基于膨胀特性的厌氧流化床反应器的设计和运行控制

生物流化床的床层膨胀行为直接与生化反应区的水动力学和效率相关 ,床层膨胀特性是进行合理设计和运行的重要依据。目前流化床设计一般没有考虑生物膜的影响 ,但生物颗粒的流化行为有别于光滑载体 ,因此需要对曳力系数Cd 和膨胀特性方程中的ui 进行必要的修正。在综合分析基础上 ,探讨了优化两相流化床设计和运行的程序和方法     

谷氨酸棒杆菌合成新型生物絮凝剂分批发酵过程的溶氧控制模式

在3L发酵罐上系统研究溶氧水平对谷氨酸棒杆菌菌体生长及新型生物絮凝剂REA 11合成的影响,提出生物絮凝剂REA 11合成的分阶段供氧控制策略:发酵过程0～16h维持体积传氧系数kLa为100h-1,16h后降低kLa为40h-1至发酵结束,整个发酵过程通气量保持在1L·L-1·min-1.采用该分阶段供氧控制策略,生物絮凝剂最终产量达到900mg·L-1,发酵周期缩短到30h,比恒定kLa为40h-1条件下的REA 11产量(549mg·L-1)提高了64%,产率提高了45%,生产强度也比kLa恒定为40h-1,100h-1和200h-1的分批发酵过程分别提高了81 2%,120%和420%,实现了高细胞生长速率和高产物产率的统一.     

活性白土对餐饮业废油脂脱色工艺的探索

选用活性白土对餐饮业废油脂进行脱色研究,对脱色率的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出活性白土的最佳脱色条件：活性白土用量5％;初始脱色温度60C;终止脱色温度120C;脱色时间25min。     

《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》第四十五条正当性审视

第十二届全国人大常委会第十二次会议初次审议了国务院提请审议的《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》,修订草案第四十五条拟授权省、自治区和直辖市人民政府可以采取机动车限行措施,其正当性引起社会的激烈讨论。机动车限行涉及公民所有权的限制,授权的合法性与正当性应受到公法上法律保留原则和比例原则的审查。草案第四十五条未区分高排放与低排放机动车、常态限制与临时限制,模糊地授权地方立法,不符合法律创设的目的性及必要性要求,第四十五条必须进一步明确授权范围。