应用GIS和聚类分析方法研究危险货物运输路线分布

用地理信息系统技术研究危险货物山东省内运输路线分布,通过在网络数据集上进行的旅行商分析。得到危险货物运输线路包含的弧段。统计每条弧段的危险货物运量,用聚类分析对弧段分类,从而研究危险货物路线分布规律。     

上海港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究

建立可靠的船舶排放清单不仅是大气环境科学领域对船舶排放影响进行定量研究的重要基础,也是管理部门制定污染减排措施和政策的重要依据.以常规大气污染物和温室气体为研究对象,采用由下而上的动力法对进出上海港船舶排放进行了研究.通过对上海港船舶进出签证数、船舶种类、吨位分布、运行工况、排放因子和燃油校正因子等多要素开展调查和分析,获得了上海港外港和内河9种船种和4种运行工况条件下大气污染物和温室气体排放总量,并结合船舶自动识别系统(AIS)确定了1 km×1 km网格精度的大气污染物和温室气体的排放空间分布.结果表明:2010年,上海港船舶排放PM100.46万t,PM2.5 0.37万t,柴油颗粒物(DPM)0.44万t,NOx5.73万t,SOx3.54万t,CO 0.49万t,碳氧化合物(HC)0.21万t;排放温室气体CO2 288.55万t,N2O 0.01万t,Cn4 0.004万t.与全市排放清单总量相比,上海港船舶排放对SO2、NOx和PM2.5的排放影响最为显著,分担率分别达到12.0％、9.0％和5.3％.其中,以远洋船为首要来源,其排放量对全市排放清单的分担率分别为12.0％、8.4％和5.1％.     

磷酸根和镉离子在羟基铁改性膨润土表面的协同吸附机制研究

聚合羟基金属-粘土矿物复合物广泛存在于自然环境中,对重金属阳离子和含氧酸根阴离子均有很好的吸附能力,因此对这些化合物的环境迁移过程及污染控制具有重要影响.研究采用FeCl₃和Na₂CO₃共同改性膨润土,制备了羟基铁－膨润土复合物（HyFe-Bent）.XRD和孔结构分析结果发现,HyFe-Bent的d₀₀₁由原土的1.52 nm增加到1.81 nm,比表面积由原土的52.2 m²·g^-1增大到108.4 m²·g^-1.将HyFe-Bent用于同时吸附水中磷酸根（P）和镉离子（Cd）,结果表明,在实验条件下P和Cd在HyFe-Bent上表现出明显的协同吸附效应,溶液pH升高可促进Cd的吸附但降低P的吸附.此外研究了P和Cd吸附次序对它们吸附性能的影响：在先吸附P的体系中两种物质的吸附性能与同时吸附体系相当,而在先吸附Cd的体系中吸附性能则明显低于同时吸附体系.由此提出P和Cd协同吸附的原理是多种吸附机制共存：除了配体交换和离子交换作用,它们在HyFe-Bent表面还发生了表面沉淀作用,可能形成了Fe-P-Cd三元络合产物.论文研究结果可为了解重金属和含氧酸根复合体系的环境行为及污染控制提供新信息.     

Anoxic phosphorus removal in a pilot scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch process

The anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch (A²/O OD) process is popularly used to eliminate nutrients from domestic wastewater. In order to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal, and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A²/O OD process, a pilot-scale A²/O OD plant (375 L) was conducted. At the same time batch tests using sequence batch reactors (12 L and 4 L) were operated to reveal the significance of anoxic phosphorus removal. The results indicated that: The average removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, and TN were 88.2%, 92.6%, 87.8%, and 73.1%, respectively, when the steady state of the pilotscale A²/O OD plant was reached during 31–73 d, demonstrating a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. Phosphorus uptake took place in the anoxic zone by poly-phosphorus accumulating organisms NO₂⁻ could be used as electron receptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal, and the phosphorus uptake rate with NO₂⁻ as the electron receptor was higher than that with NO₃⁻ when the initial concentration of either NO₂⁻ or NO₃⁻ was 40 mg/L.     

热采卡箍螺拴断裂事故原因分析

在对发生断裂的卡箍紧固连接螺栓进行质量检测和强度校核的基础上,指出螺栓发生断裂的主要原因是预紧力太大,并提出了相应的整改措施,解决了工程中存在的问题.     

磷在农田溪流中的动态变化

磷是水体富营养化的限制因子,河流系统是农业非点源污染物的主要运移通道,污染物在河流中的持留控制着污染物向受纳水体的输出.本次研究对象是巢湖流域一个长约1.8 km的农田源头溪流六岔河,河流由4个渠道型、1个水塘型和3个河口型断面构成,长度分别为1.3 km、0.15 km和0.36 km.在河流上设置9个监测点研究总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在六岔河中的持留空间特征,评价人为严重干扰下的农田溪流在农业非点源污染物运移中的生态功能.结果表明:总磷、磷酸盐、悬浮物在溪流中的持留和释放受溪流的渠道型、水塘型和河口型断面控制,水塘型和河口型断面是污染物持留的主要区域,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在水塘型、河口型断面内的持留量分别占溪流持留量的58%、77%和58%;污染物在降雨-径流过程中的持留是溪流持留的主要部分,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的持留分别占溪流持留量的96%、98%和93%;渠道型断面是溪流最主要的内在污染源,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的释放分别占溪流释放量的93%、99%和94%;养分和悬浮物在渠道型断面中具有不同的持留特性,而位于水塘前的渠道型断面在基流和降雨-径流过程中均能有效地持留污染物.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

三峡工程库区巫山段干支流水质变化分析研究

文章采用巫山县环境监测站2002年到2008年监测资料,对三峡工程蓄水后库区巫山段水质进行了评价与分析。结果表明：蓄水后三峡库区长江干流巫山段总体水质良好;未受到重金属、石油类和挥发性酚类物质污染;总氮和总磷指标偏高;水体处于中营养状态水平。蓄水后一级支流总磷、总氮指标升高,水质类别上升,水质有恶化的趋势;水流变缓,气候条件和营养盐浓度适宜,在一级支流回水敏感区的部分河段爆发了“水华”,富营养化的潜在风险升高。在营养水平和气候条件相当的情况下,支流回水区常爆发“水华”而干流未出现“水华”现象,说明水动力条件是发生水体富营养化的主要诱发因子。     

Immobilization and transformation of co-existing arsenic and antimony in highly contaminated sediment by nano zero-valent iron

Arsenic(As) and antimony(Sb) are usually coexistent in mine wastes and pose a great threat to human health. The As immobilization by nano zero-valent iron(n ZVI) is promising, however, the stabilization for co-occurring As and Sb is not known. Herein, the immobilization and transformation of As and Sb in n ZVI-treated sediments were evaluated using complementary leaching experiments and characterization techniques. Raw sediment samples from a gold-antimony deposit revealed the co-existence of ul...