Characteristics of molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter in bromide-containing water and disinfection by-product formation properties during treatment processes

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight (MW), trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the change in contents of different fractions and total DBPs during treatment processes (pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, disinfection) were studied. Moreover, the relationship between bromide concentration and DBP generation characteristics in processes was also analyzed. The results showed that the main DBP precursors were the fraction with MW < 1 kDa and fraction with MW 3−10 kDa, and the DBP''s generation ability of lower molecular weight DOM (< 10 kDa) was higher than that of higher molecular weight DOM. During different processes, pre-chlorination and disinfection had limited effect on removing organics but could alter the MW distribution, and coagulation and filtration could effectively remove organics with higher MW. For DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) were mainly generated in pre-chlorination and disinfection, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were mostly generated during pre-chlorination; coagulation and sand filtration had little effect on THMs but resulted in a slight removal of HAAs. In addition, the results of ANOVA tests suggested that molecular sizes and treatment processes have significant influence on DBP formation. With increasing bromide concentration, the brominated DBPs significantly increased, but the bromine incorporation factor in the processes was basically consistent at each concentration.     

Soot reduction by addition of dimethyl carbonate in normal and inverse ethylene diffusion flames: Nanostructural evidence

Oxygenated fuel represents an attractive alternative as an additive for reducing soot emissions.Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) is an oxygenated compound which is a good option to reduce soot,but the detailed characteristics of soot produced from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels blended with DMC are still lacking. The present research studied the nanostructure and reactivity of soot particles in ethylene/DMC normal and inverse diffusion flames. High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)were used to analyze the nanostructure and reactivity of soot. It was found that DMC addition was effective in decreasing the average weights of soot formed in flames. The results of HRTEM images showed that soot particles obtained with DMC addition showed liquid-like material and tight bonding, and exhibited more highly disorganized layers, which give it higher reactivity than soot obtained without DMC addition. Furthermore, HRTEM was used to analyze soot fringe characteristics consisting of fringe tortuosity, fringe length, and fringe separation. XRD was used to crosscheck the results for fringe separation, and was consistent with HRTEM results. In addition, the mass loss curve of TGA experiments showed that DMC addition could enhance the reactivity of soot particles.     

内蒙古典型草原季节性冻土区土壤剖面CO2、N2O特征

为了评估放牧对内蒙古典型草原季节性冻土区温室气体产生机制的影响,通过气体原位采集系统对该区土壤剖面不同土层N_2O、CO_2浓度动态变化进行了为期1a的田间原位监测.共设3个处理:1979年以来规划的禁牧(UG79)、1999年以来规划的禁牧(UG99)和持续放牧(CG)小区.结果表明:土壤剖面N_2O、CO_2浓度具有明显的时空分布特征:(1)3个处理不同时期土壤剖面CO_2平均浓度均表现为:生长期冻融期冻结期,且生长期CO_2浓度要远大于冻融期和冻结期;UG79土壤剖面CO_2浓度最高,CG最低;不同土层间CO_2浓度有所差异,具体表现为UG79、UG99:20 cm≥50 cm≥35 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;CG:50 cm≥35 cm≥20 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;(2)土壤剖面N_2O浓度时空变化特征则与CO_2不同,UG79、UG99呈现出"单峰型"变化规律,CG为"双峰型"变化规律,即虽然CG在生长期N_2O也有微弱的释放,但3个处理土壤剖面N_2O浓度均在土壤冻融期内急剧增加,其中CG处理土壤剖面N_2O平均浓度最高,与UG79、UG99差异显著(P0.05);不同土层土壤剖面N_2O浓度表现为UG79:20 cm≥50 cm≥35 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;CG:50 cm≥35 cm≥20 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm;UG99:35 cm≥50 cm≥20 cm≥10 cm≥5 cm.研究得出放牧可以使该区土壤剖面CO_2浓度降低、N_2O浓度升高,这为我国草原季节性冻土区温室气体的准确评估提供了重要的理论支持.     

成渝城市群臭氧污染特征及影响因素分析

为研究成渝城市群O_3污染特征及其影响因素,对成渝城市群15个城市2015—2016年国控环境监测站点和国家气象台站数据进行了研究.结果表明,研究区域15个城市均存在不同程度的O_3超标现象.2015—2016年成渝城市群O_3污染形势愈发严峻,春末及夏季污染最为严重,且在7月达到O_3浓度峰值(118μg·m~(-3)),O_3污染空间分布呈片状,以资阳为中心的遂宁、眉山、成都等城市为O_3污染较为严重的区域.颗粒物、NO_2及CO均与O_3有显著相关性,其中,颗粒物与O_3浓度在冬季呈负相关,在夏季则表现为正相关.太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度及流场均是影响O_3浓度的重要因子,强辐射、高温及低湿易形成较高浓度的O_3,相对湿度对O_3浓度的影响呈先升后降的关系.     

纳米氧化锌颗粒物通过氧化应激和离子通道失调诱导大鼠气管上皮细胞凋亡的机理

纳米氧化锌具有广泛的工业用途,其生态安全性受到广泛关注,针对纳米氧化锌诱导的呼吸道细胞毒性及其作用机理研究尚不广泛.本研究分别采用不同浓度和粒径(30 nm和90 nm)的氧化锌颗粒物处理大鼠气管上皮细胞(rat tracheal epithelial cells,RTE cells),暴露时间为12 h,通过检测细胞内锌元素含量,细胞增殖抑制率,细胞凋亡率,凋亡相关caspsae 3基因与蛋白相对表达量,细胞内金属硫蛋白活性,ROS和MDA含量、细胞内Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性来分析纳米氧化锌诱导细胞毒效应机理.在90 nm纳米氧化锌高浓度暴露时,其细胞内锌元素浓度为0.845μg·L~(-1),约为低浓度暴露组的4.7倍,是30 nm低浓度暴露组的9倍;纳米颗粒物诱导的细胞增殖和凋亡毒效应具有剂量和尺寸依赖效应;30 nm处理组的pro-caspase 3和cleaved-caspase 3蛋白表达量均高于90 nm暴露组;暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的90 nm处理组的金属硫蛋白增加量为0.533μg·L~(-1),增幅达到46%;不同粒径氧化锌颗粒物处理后,细胞内ROS和MDA含量显著上升,且30 nm处理组结果均高于90 nm处理组;纳米氧化锌颗粒物暴露诱导细胞Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性显著下降,30 nm氧化锌颗粒物暴露组,其Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性分别是对照组的1.8倍和3.5倍.纳米氧化锌颗粒物进入RTE细胞,通过干扰锌在细胞内代谢,诱导细胞内ROS和MDA水平升高,产生氧化应激,进而诱导细胞凋亡是导致纳米氧化锌产生细胞毒性的主要原因之一.纳米氧化锌会导致细胞内Ca~(2+)-ATPase和Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性下降,离子通道失调,破坏细胞内离子平衡,进一步造成细胞凋亡.     

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).     

华北地区冬半年空气污染天气客观分型研究

利用2013—2016年冬半年ERA-interim再分析资料,以及同期空气污染资料、地面常规气象观测资料和探空资料,采用PCT (Principal Component Analysis in T-mode)客观分型方法对华北地区冬半年海平面气压场进行天气分型,并探究不同月份不同天气型对应的空气污染状况及污染气象参数分布特征,进而从污染气象学的角度揭示重污染潜势天气型的气候特征.结果表明:冬半年海平面气压场共对应9种天气类型,其中,5型(均压场型)、6型(高压内部型)和8型(高压后部型)为3种重污染潜势天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为144.11、136.99和148.26μg·m~(-3),而1型(T型高压前部型)和3型(低压底部型)为两种清洁天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为97.12和80.83μg·m~(-3);重污染潜势天气型对应的边界层结构呈现出稳定能量大、混合层厚度和通风系数小的大气层结稳定的静稳天气特征,其能够反映大气污染潜势;研究还发现,即使是同一天气型,其在不同月份对污染物的扩散影响也存在差异,因此,建议在今后的污染潜势天气型研究中分月份进行.本研究可为华北地区空气污染潜势预报及大气重污染预报预警的客观化、自动化提供科学依据和技术支持.     

利用多模式最优集成方法预报上海PM2.5

采用多模式最优集成方法(OCF),对PANDA项目中国和欧洲7个空气质量模式的PM_(2.5)预报结果进行集成释用.2016年6月—2017年5月对上海逐日预报试验结果表明:和最优单模式预报结果相比,OCF预报的PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度的均方根误差降低1.9μg·m-3,相关系数提高0.04,日均质量浓度的精度评分TI提高了2.4,污染TS评分提高了0.28,污染空报率降低了20%,显著提高了PM_(2.5)污染等级预报、趋势预报和精度预报的技巧.对长三角合肥、南京、苏州、杭州、宁波5个城市的预报试验也得到类似的结果,为城市空气质量预报提供了新的方法和思路.但OCF对客观预报的改进幅度在夏季不如冬季显著,在降雨日相对较低.     

辐射和倾角耦合作用下火蔓延行为特性

火蔓延行为决定了火灾发展规律及其后果,其行为特性常常受到多个参数的共同影响。为研究外部热源辐射和倾角对火蔓延行为的共同作用,开展了一系列不同外加辐射强度和倾角的木材(樟木)表面小尺寸火蔓延实验,测量了火蔓延过程中的关键特性参数,包括质量损失速率、火焰形态以及火蔓延速率。结果表明,质量损失速率、火焰面积和火蔓延速率都随着倾角和外加辐射强度的增加而增加,而且倾角越大外加辐射对试样质量损失速率的作用越明显。另外发现,倾角较小时,V_f~(-1/2)与辐射强度存在较好的线性关系,但是倾角较大时,该线性关系就不再满足。     

2017年5-6月国内环境事件

简要统计了2017年5-6月国内发生的各种环境事件142起,包括沙尘天气12起,污染事件16起,地震44起,山体滑坡和泥石流16起,以及其他自然灾害54起.