一台气相色谱仪同时测定陆地生态系统CO2、CH4和N2O排放

通过对气相色谱仪进样、分析气路和阀驱动系统的改造 ,同一台色谱仪可以同时检测空气样品中的CO2 、CH4和N2 O。测试结果表明 ,仪器的灵敏度、分辨率和精密度均很高 ,线性范围符合要求 ;仪器系统能够在野外实验室长期稳定运转 ,可方便用于测定陆地生态系统CO2 、CH4和N2 O排放 ,能快速、准确、可靠地获取观测数据。     

高技术产业污染

通过对美、日两国高技术产业污染现状的分析，得出了高技术生产并非清洁的结论，分析了我国高技术污染的现状和其潜在的危害，提出了防止高技术污染的措施。     

碱厂废碱液在湿式烟气脱硫工艺中应用的实验研究

纯碱厂在生产过程中要排放许多废碱液，如果用作烟气脱硫剂，不仅降低了脱硫费用，而且消除报废碱液的主要成分，介绍了旋流板塔式除尘脱硫装置的结构和工作原理，探讨了影响用废碱液除尘脱硫效果的主要因素，并找出了较好的操作条件。实验结果表明：废认在该装置上脱硫和除尘效果均达到国内外同类装置的水平，同量，解决了因为废碱液带来的水污染。除尘脱硫装置结构简单，基建费用和运行费用低，是一项值得推广的技术。     

Life cycle greenhouse gases,energy and cost assessment of automobiles using magnesium from Chinese Pidgeon process

Magnesium (Mg) has a great potential to reduce vehicle weight, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The Chinese Mg industry has developed rapidly since the 1990s. The output of Mg reached 700,000 tons in 2006, accounting for more than 70% of global Mg production. Most of Mg is produced in China through the Pidgeon process that has an intensive energy usage and generates a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which may offset the potential advantage of using Mg parts in automobiles. It is critical to quantify the energy usage and GHG emissions through entire life cycle when the Mg are applied to automobiles. It is also essential to evaluate cost implications of the Mg parts application in automobiles and ensure it to be cost competitive. The objectives of this study are (1) Build a life cycle inventory (LCI) of Mg produced by Pidgeon process; (2) Establish an LCA model that can evaluate GHG emissions and energy usage for the Mg automotive application; (3) Estimate the cost implications of the Mg parts application in automobiles.An Mg LCI was built based on interviews and surveys and the GREET model was adapt for this study. The results indicated that, for each kilogram of Mg produced by Pidgeon process, GHG emissions and energy usage would be 27 kg CO₂eq and 280 MJ, which are five times higher than steel production. Replacing steel with 82 kg Mg on a base automobile would lower curb weight by 5.7%, but only reduce life cycle GHG emissions and energy usage by 0.8% and 1.3%. Scenario analyses indicated that potential reduction of life cycle GHG emissions and energy usage could reach to 15%, if secondary weight saving and a smaller engine were included. Cost analyses also show 18% reduction when the additional weight saving and a smaller displacement engine were included, under a 100,000 km driving distance and gasoline price at $1.0/l.     

The Qinghai–Tibet Railway: A landmark project and its subsequent environmental challenges

The first part of this paper reviews the environment-friendly techniques implemented when the Qinghai–Tibet Railway was built. They include (1) state-of-the-art techniques to protect the permafrost in the subgrade of the railway embankment; (2) measures to avoid disturbing the species in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau; (3) efforts to minimize the disturbance of the grassland and wetland; and (4) regulation to ensure the environmental disposal of the construction waste. The second part presents the subsequent environmental challenges which, after the operation of the railway, potentially risk the fragile ecological and environmental system in the plateau. The challenges come from the skyrocketing tourists, expansive natural resource exploitation, the long-term efficiency of permafrost-protected measure, and climatic warming.     

奎河水资源化工程采用水质指标的再讨论

分析了奎河水质变清含义、不同含义对奎河水质的要求，讨论了实现不同含义奎河水变清方案及其可行性和可靠性。作者认为，奎河水变清和全河道水质达标是一个很高的污染治理目标，需要通过对奎河污染控制系统的不断研究改进，水质指标的逐步提高才能逐渐逼近这一目标。     

镇江市环境结构对鸟类群落的影响研究

文章选取镇江市作为典型城市,就空间异质性和面积这两个环境结构因素对鸟类的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明：面积对物种数存在一定影响,这种影响在空间异质性较高时较为明显,面积对物种多样性和均匀度无显著影响;环境多样性与自然度的作用是相互独立的,而自然度的影响比环境多样性更为显著,均匀度与环境多样性存在着较显著的负相关;以鸟类为代表的野生动物与环境关系密切,城市环境的改善不仅有利于保护鸟类资源,而且更重要的是改善城市人们的生活环境。     

杭州城区河道水体及底泥污染指标的相关性研究

以杭州城区六条代表性河道水体及底泥污染物实际监测数据为基础,分析研究了pH、营养盐、耗氧类指标、有机物和重金属等污染指标之间的相关关系,为杭州城市水环境的综合治理提供参考。结果表明：（1）河道水体中TN、TP和NH3-N呈显著的正相关,COD。。和BOD,相关性极显著,说明污染具有同源性;（2）河道底泥中的有机质、全磷与全氮有较好的相关性,有机质与四种重金属的相关性由大到小的顺序依次为Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu,四种重金属之间Pb与Cd和zn相关性显著;（3）河道中底泥相对比较稳定,大部分时期底泥中的营养盐和上覆水体中的营养盐没有相关性,底泥对上覆水体的影响较小。     

环境变化对鸟类种群结构的影响研究

文章将镇江市域内主要优势种树麻雀作为指示种,通过对种群数量、时空分布、不同生境分布、栖息地和森林植被等方面对树麻雀的生态影响进行了调查研究。结果表明：各生境中,分布密度以乡村与城镇最高,农田次之,森林、灌丛及水域最低;植被变化、城乡建设、以及农药、化肥的施用是引起某些鸟类数量变化的重要原因;以鸟类为代表的野生动物与环境关系密切,其分布区域和种群数量的变化以及群落参数变化反映和预示了环境的变化趋势。     

连续年龄序列尾巨桉人工林养分循环

为探究尾巨桉乔木层养分随林龄变化的趋势,对闽南山区连续年龄序列(2年、3年、4年、5年、6年)尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylly×E.grandis)人工林乔木层的养分积累、分配和循环特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)尾巨桉各组分中氮(N)的含量最高,其次是钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg),最低的为磷(P).(2)尾巨桉养分贮量随林龄增长而增加,各林龄5种养分元素的总贮量依次为753.26、882.07、1 010.22、1 087.51、1 704.79 kg hm-2,其中树干的养分贮量最大,枝的贮量最小.(3)各年龄段人工林对5种养分元素的年净积累量分别为383.37、392.25、424.21、400.89、505.36 kghm-2a-1.(4)各林分养分年吸收量随林龄增加而增加,而养分归还量则呈相反趋势.(5)林分对营养元素的利用系数分别为0.51、0.44、0.42、0.37、0.30,随林龄增加而逐渐减小;循环系数分别为0.18、0.19、0.24、0.24、0.16;周转时间分别为8.76、9.75、7.58、9.39、17.47年.因此,尾巨桉在生长初期对养分的利用效率较小,中期归还给林地的养分多,到了后期对养分利用增加的同时,归还速率也变小,容易引起林地养分的匮乏,在尾巨桉生长初期和后期中应通过施肥、增加林下植被种类和数量来维持林地地力.