SBR法短程反硝化动力学分析研究

实验室中采用SBR反应器,研究短程硝化反硝化工艺的影响因素,通过实验数据对SBR短程硝化反硝化工艺的反硝化动力学方程参数进行确定,通过维持SBR反应器内的水温,控制溶解氧浓度和氨氮浓度等反应条件,分析实验数据,最后推导出短程反硝化动力学方程式.实验中,由于反应起始和反应过程中COD和NO2--N浓度远大于饱和常数,所以短程反硝化反应近似于零级反应,亚硝酸盐氮和有机物浓度对反硝化速率影响很小,反硝化速率仅是温度和pH值的函数.     

Electrocatalytic biofilm reactor for effective and energy-efficient azo dye degradation: the synergistic effect of MnOx/Ti flow-through anode and biofilm on the cathode

● MnO _x /Ti flow-through anode was coupled with the biofilm-attached cathode in ECBR. ● ECBR was able to enhance the azo dye removal and reduce the energy consumption. ● Mn^IV=O generated on the electrified MnO _x /Ti anode catalyzed the azo dye oxidation. ● Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria on the cathode degraded azo dye intermediate products. ● Biodegradation of intermediate products was stimulated under the electric field. Dyeing wastewater treatment remains a challenge. Although effective, the in-series process using electrochemical oxidation as the pre- or post-treatment of biodegradation is long. This study proposes a compact dual-chamber electrocatalytic biofilm reactor (ECBR) to complete azo dye decolorization and mineralization in a single unit via anodic oxidation on a MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode followed by cathodic biodegradation on carbon felts. Compared with the electrocatalytic reactor with a stainless-steel cathode (ECR-SS) and the biofilm reactor (BR), the ECBR increased the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency by 24 % and 31 % (600 mg/L Acid Orange 7 as the feed, current of 6 mA), respectively. The COD removal efficiency of the ECBR was even higher than the sum of those of ECR-SS and BR. The ECBR also reduced the energy consumption (3.07 kWh/kg COD) by approximately half compared with ECR-SS. The advantages of the ECBR in azo dye removal were attributed to the synergistic effect of the MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode and cathodic biofilms. Catalyzed by Mn^IV=O generated on the MnO_x/Ti anode under a low applied current, azo dyes were oxidized and decolored. The intermediate products with improved biodegradability were further mineralized by the cathodic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (non-electrochemically active) under the stimulation of the applied current. Taking advantage of the mutual interactions among the electricity, anode, and bacteria, this study provides a novel and compact process for the effective and energy-efficient treatment of azo dye wastewater.     

城市污泥发酵处理中微生物对有机物的降解

为园林绿化安全施用城市发酵污泥提供科学依据,将污水处理厂采集的脱水消化污泥,添加吸湿剂,使其含水量达40%后,装入发酵地,与对照池同时进行0、5、10、15、20天采样,并同步进行微生物培养计数和用色谱法对毒性有机物进行定量分析。结果表明,微生物对毒性有机物的降解有明显效果,特别对甲苯、乙苯、邻苯二甲酸酯、γ－666,op＇－DDT等降解效果更显著。同时,微生物类群的数量变化与毒性有机物的降解率呈正相关关系。毒性有机物的降解是以细菌、放线菌为主的微生物综合作用的结果。可以认为污水处理厂的消化污泥通过发酵处理降解有机物是可行的,其产物应用于园林绿地将是比较安全的。     

地下连续墙黏性土夹砂层槽壁稳定性分析∗

为了探讨地下连续墙黏性土夹砂层泥浆槽壁局部稳定性问题,建立稳定性分析力学模型,对槽壁夹砂层土体单元应力状态进行分析。基于朗肯极限平衡原理,提出泥浆槽壁局部稳定性系数计算方法。通过算例分析可知：（1）开挖将导致槽壁夹砂层土体单元产生负孔隙水压力,局部稳定性系数将会随负孔隙水压力的消散逐渐降低。（2）局部稳定性系数随相关因素的变化规律：地面超载每增大10 kPa,稳定性系数降低7%左右;泥浆重度每增大0.5 kN/m³,稳定性系数提高13%左右;有效内摩擦角每增大3°,稳定性系数提高11.5%左右;局部稳定性系数随地下水位埋深的增大而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;随泥浆液面深度的增大而减小,且降幅逐渐增大。     

高压脉冲放电处理含氰废水的影响因素探讨

焦化废水中含有大量的氰化物,必须采取有效措施进行去除,传统去除方法运行成本高、操作复杂,针对此问题,提出了用高压毫微秒脉冲产生的非平衡等离子体处理含氰废水的方法,对其影响因素pH值、放电时间、气流量、放电条件等进行了大量的实验研究。结果表明,当溶液初始pH值为9．09,放电2h,放电电压46kV时氰化物的去除率最高可达93．2％,氰化物的质量浓度可降至0．26mg／L。实验对比了放电与不放电氰化物的去除效果,结果表明相同条件下放电后氰化物的去除率大大提高,为焦化废水中氰化物的去除提出了一种新的方法。     

印染污泥特性及其掺煤焚烧处置的环境影响研究

对佛山6家印染厂污泥的基本性质和重金属污染进行了分析研究。结果表明:印染污泥有机质含量较高;对照农用污泥污染物限值和城镇污水处理污泥处置混合填埋用泥质标准,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn不同程度超标,说明印染污泥既不能农用,也不能混合填埋。污泥浸出液中重金属浓度远低于危险废物浸出毒性限值和城镇污水处理厂污泥单独焚烧用泥质的污染物限值。污泥与煤掺混焚烧烟道气中二恶英浓度在0.0125～0.022 ngTEQ/Nm3,远低于GB 18485—2001《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》限值和GB/T 24602—2009《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置单独焚烧用泥质》限值。     

The concentration and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the air from the karst cave, South China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the air of Dayan Cave in Guilin were analyzed, to investigate the source and contamination levels. Generally, air outside of the cave had much higher concentrations than inside air, and both outside and inside air showed much lower contamination levels than those observed in other regions in China and abroad. The ratios of α-/γ-HCHs and the percentages of β-(or δ-)HCH implied a residue of historical local technical HCH contamination. The DDT concentrations, o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT suggested fresh DDT-containing products acted as the primary source of DDT for the air in Dayan Cave. An intermediate level concentration of α-endosulfan (156.00?pg/m(3)) was observed in the outside air, implying local source was dominant. Based on the similar sources of HCH and DDT and the relationships between outside and inside air, it appeared that outside air pollutants affected on inside HCH and DDT's distribution. For other OCPs, outside air might be major contributor to inside air contamination under conditions of high concentrations in outside air compared with low levels in inside air for semi-closed karstic caves.     

香草醛类席夫碱的制备及其对水中碘的吸附研究

核废料中的放射性碘对环境的污染日趋严重,固定回收放射性碘对核能的可持续发展至关重要.本文通过醛胺缩合制备了两种席夫碱共价材料—3,5-二氨基苯甲酸缩合香草醛（SB-35）和4-氨基安替比林缩合香草醛（SB-4）,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、热重分析仪（TGA/DSC）、X-射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等对两种材料的结构和形貌分别进行了表征.结果表明,两种席夫碱材料对水中碘具有较好的吸附效果,吸附行为更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,表明该吸附过程以多分子层吸附为主;由Langmuir等温吸附可知,在25℃时SB-35和SB-4的最大理论吸附量分别为1356.49 mg·g^-1和1680.08 mg·g^-1.吸附热力学结果表明,两种材料对水中碘的吸附是吸热反应且自发进行,升高温度有利于反应进行.     

Organochlorine pesticides in the soil of a karst cave in Guilin, China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including HCH, DDT, chlordane, endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate were analyzed in surface soil of the Dayan Cave to investigate their source and concentration levels in September 2006. Generally, the data showed that outside soil of the cave had much higher concentrations than inside soil for the most detected OCPs in the cave and both inside soil and outside soil showed much lower concentration levels (basically, the levels of OCPs were less than 0.7 ng/g) than those observed in other regions within and outside China other than TC (ranging from 3.22 to 5.00 ng/g) and CC (ranging from 3.89 to 5.08 ng/g) in the soil outside. The ratios of α-/γ-HCH ranged from 0.88 to 1.20 in the soil of the cave, together with the averaged percentages of β-HCH and δ-HCH among the total HCH isomers (accounting for 39.0% and 14.2%, respectively), implied that a historical residue of local technical HCH contamination was likely to be dominant in the soil of the cave. Based on (1) the accordance of TC/CC ratios (ranging from 0.83 to 0.98) between the values observed in the outside soil and the potentially available chlordane products in the markets, and (2) the high concentrations of TC and CC observed in the outside soil, it appeared that the illegal usage of technical chlordane was done in Guilin. The low concentrations of TC (0.02 to 0.56 ng/g) and CC (0.10 to 1.71 ng/g) in the inside soil, together with the significant distinctions of TC/CC ratios between the inside soil (ranging from 0.03 to 0.33) and the outside soil, implied that the chlordane in the inside soil of the cave was a historical residue of local technical chlordane contamination. The similar ratios of DDT isomers (o,?p (')-DDT/p,?p (')-DDT and p,?p (')-DDE+DDD/DDT) between the outside soil and the inside soil of the cave suggested that they may have the similar DDT source. The ratios of p,?p (')-DDE+DDD/DDT (ranging from 3 to 8) indicated that DDT was relatively aged. The values of o,?p (')-DDT/p,?p (')-DDT ratios (ranging from 3 to 7.5 with a mean value of 5.45) were found to be much higher than that of technical DDT, and very similar to that of dicofol products, implied that the primary source of DDT in the soil of the cave was most probably from dicofol-type DDT products. The low concentration levels of endosulfan and the higher levels of metabolite endosulfan sulfate indicated that the residue from historical usage of technical endosulfan was likely to be dominant in the soil of the cave.     

必须科学应对极端气象灾害——对2008年我国南方抗击特大冰雪灾害的反思

本文从极端气象灾害给我国国民经济可持续发展和社会主义和谐社会构建带来的负面影响,阐述了科学应对极端气象灾害的重要性。针对抗击特大冰雪灾害中存在的问题,提出运用科学管理理念和现代科技手段应对极端气象灾害,使极端气象灾害损失最小化。