两种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5型分子筛去除水中Pb~(2+)的研究

考察硅铝比不同的ZSM-5两种分子筛(25H和50H,25和50为硅铝比:SiO2/Al2O3)对水中Pb2+离子的吸附去除效能。两种材料均可有效吸附去除水中Pb2+离子,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式,25H的最大吸附容量达22.22mg/g,吸附动力学符合假二阶动力学模型,吸附速率及吸附容量顺序为:25H>50H。随着投加量的增加,分子筛对Pb2+的去除率呈上升趋势。常见共存阳离子均对分子筛吸附去除Pb2+产生影响。     

模拟酸雨对巯基坡缕石修复镉污染土壤的影响

为研究巯基坡缕石在模拟酸雨作用下对土壤Cd的钝化,该文通过开展室内柱淋滤实验,探究模拟酸雨作用下巯基坡缕石对土壤中Cd的淋溶行为、土壤p H及Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明,0.025%的巯基坡缕石可使土壤中DTPA提取态Cd浓度降低40.49%,且不改变土壤的p H值。在模拟酸雨的淋出液体积为1 200 m L(600 mm降雨量)时,对照组(CK)和巯基坡缕石处理组(MPAL)中Cd累积淋出率分别为18.67%和12.60%(pH 5.6)、18.56%和11.62%(pH 4.5)、19.34%和9.67%(pH 3.0);土柱淋出液和淋滤后土壤的pH值分别升高1～2和0.1～0.3个pH单位,淋出液的EC值逐渐降低,在淋出液体积为500 mL(250 mm降雨量)后稳定,同时巯基坡缕石处理组和对照组之间无显著性差异。淋滤后巯基坡缕石处理组土壤中的全Cd浓度高于对照组,DTPA提取态Cd浓度低于对照组,且在不同土层之间存在差异。模拟酸雨淋滤后,与对照酸雨(CK-pH 5.6)相比,典型酸雨(CK-pH 4.5)和强酸雨(CK-pH 3.0)淋滤后土壤中的DTPA可提取态Cd浓度和可交换态Cd含量分别升高5.94%和31.91%、12.64%和39.30%,增加Cd在土壤中的迁移能力。与对照组相比,巯基坡缕石处理组土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd含量分别降低16.77%和25.13%(MPAL-pH 5.6)、14.73%和23.60%(MPAL-pH 4.5)、1.97%和25.51%(MPAL-pH 3.0),铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cd含量分别升高57.86%和26.52%(MPAL-pH 5.6)、69.36%和44.23%(MPAL-pH 4.5)、67.70%和53.83%(MPAL-pH 3.0),在酸雨作用下巯基坡缕石可增加土壤中Cd的稳定形态,降低Cd的迁移能力。研究表明:巯基坡缕石在模拟酸雨作用下钝化土壤Cd的效果比较稳定,是一种在南方酸雨区具有良好应用潜力的钝化材料。     

基于通风网络理论的采空区自燃过程数值模拟

把采空区多孔介质空间假想成由漏风通道组成的通风网络 ,各漏风分支的风阻则按采空区的实际特性给予赋值 ,然后采用通风网络理论、流体力学与传热学理论 ,对新集矿 130 7工作面采空区的简化模型进行了自燃过程的模拟。其模拟结果经实测与分析 ,证明是合理的。因此 ,采用该方法模拟采空区煤炭自燃过程是可行的 ,具有很高的实用价值     

电路板蚀刻废液及其回收铜盐产品中PCBs污染特征

POPs(持久性有机污染物)是近年来广受关注的一类环境污染物. 为研究工业过程中POPs的运转迁移,针对电路板蚀刻废液及其回收后生产的铜盐产品中7种指示性PCBs(多氯联苯)及CB-209进行分析. 结果表明,PCBs在碱性废液和微蚀废液中未检出,而在酸性废液中有不同程度检出,ρ(∑₈PCBs)在0.41~60.80 ng/L之间,其中ρ(∑₇指示性PCBs)在0.24~58.00 ng/L之间. 3种铜盐产品〔CuCl₂、Cu₂(OH)₃Cl和CuSO₄〕中,CuSO₄中w(∑₈PCBs)相对较高,在2.75~284.00 ng/kg之间;而CuCl₂中w(∑₈PCBs)在6.95~31.50 ng/kg之间;Cu₂(OH)₃Cl中w(∑₈PCBs)在7.31~9.42 ng/kg之间. 污染物指纹特征表明,酸性蚀刻废液及其铜盐产品中的PCBs具有十分相似的分布特征,CB-28是最主要的检出单体,并且w(CB-209)相对较高,表明铜盐产品中的PCBs主要来源于生产原料(酸性蚀刻废液)的携带,而酸性蚀刻废液中污染物来源须待进一步分析研究.      

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定南极样品中有机氯农药

建立了同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(HRGC/HRMS)测定南极土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中23种有机氯农药的分析方法.样品经冷冻干燥、研磨处理后用正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE),萃取液经硅胶-氧化铝层析柱和C18小柱净化后,进HRGC/HRMS检测分析.样品中目标物定量采用平均相对响应因子法,6点标准曲线响应因子的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤20%,方法的线性范围为0.4—800μg·L-1,回收率在62%—101%之间.实际样品分析结果表明,23种OCPs的加标回收率为40%—100%,在土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中的检出限(LODs)分别为0.024—5.01、0.2—12.2、0.020—13.7 pg·g-1,可以满足南极环境样品中有机氯农药的检测分析.     

Levels and profiles of Dechlorane Plus in a major E-waste dismantling area in China

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a high-production volume, chlorinated flame retardant comprising two major isomers, syn- and anti-DP. In this study, levels of DP were measured in soil and earthworm samples in farmland from a typical E-waste dismantling area in China. The concentrations of total DP ranged from 0.17 to 1,990 ng g^?1 dw in soil samples and 3.43 to 89.2 ng g^?1 lw in earthworm samples. Higher DP levels were found in some main E-waste dismantling sites than those in other sites. The ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f _anti) ranged from 0.57 to 0.80 in soil samples and 0.47 to 0.81 in earthworm samples, respectively. The f _anti in most samples in this study was in the range of the reported technical DP values. These results showed that improper E-waste dismantling activities could result in the emission of DP. Most earthworm samples showed very low BSAFs (biota-to-soil accumulation factors) for total DP. The values of BSAF were in the range of 0.0007–1.85, with an average value of 0.23. This study presents the first report of the DP in earthworms, which would be useful for ecological risk assessment of DP in terrestrial ecosystem.     

Distribution,seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans,polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing,China

Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and potential inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Beijing, using passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs, ΣPCBs and ΣPBDEs ranged from 8.4 to 179 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³, 38.6–139 and 1.5–176 pg/m³, respectively. PCDFs showed higher air concentrations than those of PCDDs, indicating the influence of industrial activities and other combustion processes. The non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, was detected in air (12.3–99.4 pg/m³) and dominated the PCB congener profiles (61.7–71.5% to ∑PCBs). The congener patterns of PBDEs showed signatures from both penta-BDE and octa-BDE products. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs at the industrial and residential sites were higher than those at rural site, indicating human activities in urban area as potential sources. Higher air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were observed in summer, which could be associated with atmospheric deposition process, re-volatilization from soil surface and volatilization from use of technical products, respectively. Results of inhalation exposure and cancer risk showed that atmospheric PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDEs did not cause high risks to the local residents of Beijing. This study provides further aid in evaluating emission sources, influencing factors and potential inhalation risks of the persistent organic pollutants to human health in mega-cities of China.     

巯基化凹凸棒石对水稻土中镉钝化效应的动态变化特征

为了探究巯基化凹凸棒石作为钝化剂在土壤-水稻体系中对镉的钝化效应的动态特征规律,选取湖南和四川典型镉污染水稻土,分别以两个品种水稻为模式作物开展盆栽试验,在水稻生育期代表性阶段开展土壤-植物协同采样,并结合土壤培养实验,重点关注土壤理化性质和水稻各组织镉含量变化.研究发现,巯基化凹凸棒石以剂量1 mg·kg^-1和2 mg·kg^-1施用后,水稻分蘖期根茎叶镉含量明显降低40%以上,土壤有效态镉含量减少35.80%~55.08%.该快速显著的钝化效应,在水稻扬花期和成熟期维持稳定,收获时糙米镉含量最大降幅分别为76.65%和64.67%.巯基化凹凸棒石对土壤有效态镉的钝化过程符合二级动力学方程,钝化速率较快,高剂量组3 d可达到反应平衡.巯基化凹凸棒石对土壤pH无明显影响,可略微提高土壤氧化还原电位,增加土壤总硫和有效态硫含量,同时提升分蘖期水稻根系与根系表面铁和硫元素含量,降低分蘖期水稻根系对镉的生物富集系数和从根向茎的转运系数.综合土壤有效态镉含量和水稻吸收累积镉含量这两个核心因素,巯基化凹凸棒石在水稻-土壤体系中对镉具有快速且稳定的钝化效应.     

氯氟吡氧乙酸在小麦和土壤中的检测方法及其残留动态

为了解氯氟吡氧乙酸在小麦和土壤中的消解动态及其残留状况,建立了氯氟吡氧乙酸在小麦和土壤中的液相色谱分析方法,并在天津、山东和江苏三地开展了氯氟吡氧乙酸在小麦和土壤中残留田间试验研究,结果表明,采用乙酸乙酯和10%H3PO4(含4%KCl)振荡提取小麦和土壤中的氯氟吡氧乙酸,氯仿萃取,弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,乙醚/石油...     

Pu在高盐地下水中的存在形态及其吸附性能分析

通过EQ3/6程序对Pu在几种高盐地下水中的存在形态进行模拟,发现Pu主要以Pu(Ⅳ)、Pu(Ⅴ)的形式存在.通过静态法实验测定了Pu(Ⅳ)、Pu(Ⅴ)在砂土中的分配系数Kd,比较了Pi(Ⅳ)、Pu(Ⅴ)在砂土介质中不同的吸附行为,并对高盐地下水中Pu吸附行为的影响因素进行初步分析.结果表明,Pu在高盐地下水环境中的存...