中韩合作助力东北亚蓝天

中韩两国乃至整个东北亚都面临空气质量改善的紧迫需求和挑战,大气污染防治领域的交流合作成为国际社会环境合作的热点议题. 为共同应对雾霾挑战,2019年以来,中韩两国通过密切交流合作,探索形成了一套以合作机制创新、共同平台建设、旗舰项目打造、互助联合研究等为主体的务实高效的合作范式,打破了双方在组织、地域、学科、信息、技术等方面的“五大壁垒”,实现了政策、技术、数据、信息、成果等共享,助力了两国空气质量改善,也推动了东北亚区域空气质量整体改善,为推动构建人类命运共同体在区域层面的实践提供了生态环境领域的宝贵经验. 本文在分析阐释2015—2019年中韩两国空气质量改善的紧迫需求和挑战的基础上,全面总结2019—2021年中韩大气领域合作进展和成果,以及合作过程中形成的具有全局性、前瞻性和可复制性的合作范式,阐明双方在提升两国大气污染治理能力、助力空气质量改善、切实回应社会关注问题实现增信释疑、支撑多边环境外交等方面的合作成效,并基于东北亚大气环境治理需求和面临的新形势,提出加强东北亚区域合作的展望和建议,建议未来两国应持续打造和推广中韩大气领域双边合作范式,积极推动建立“中韩+”环境合作新格局,为东北亚乃至全球大气环境治理贡献中韩智慧和方案.      

活性污泥及其与秸秆共基质的厌氧消化特性

为分析秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温[（35±1）℃]条件下,研究了活性污泥单基质及其与秸秆共基质在SRT（固体停留时间）分别为10和15 d,以及C/N（质量比）分别为5.5:1、10.0:1的情况下,厌氧消化产沼气量及其组分、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Cr）及ρ（VFA）[以ρ（乙酸）计,其中VFA为挥发性短链脂肪酸]的变化特性.结果表明:活性污泥-秸秆共基质厌氧消化在SRT为10、15 d时,累积沼气产量为5 818.0、9 026.0 mL,比活性污泥单基质的沼气产量（4 930.0、7 760.0 mL）分别提高了15.3%、14.0%;共基质所产沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为69.3%,比活性污泥单基质高出15.4%.此外,在SRT为10和15 d时,活性污泥-秸秆共基质厌氧消化COD_Cr去除率分别为25.0%和28.0%,优于单基质的10.2%和13.1%;共基质平均ρ（NH₄+-N）分别为278.5和254.9 mg/L,单基质平均ρ（NH₄+-N）分别为215.6和213.5 mg/L;活性污泥-秸秆共基质平均ρ（TP）分别为168.6和175.9 mg/L,高于活性污泥单基质的129.2和152.2 mg/L.共基质有利于厌氧消化液中有机物的提高,从而增加ρ（VFA）、提高甲烷产量.研究显示,共基质可优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,促进厌氧消化反应,提高产气量.      

美国大气污染物排污许可证实施制度研究

美国大气污染物排污许可证制度作为美国空气质量管理的核心手段,有效控制了常规和有害大气污染物的排放,为美国空气质量改善发挥了重要作用.经过数十年的发展,该制度已形成较为完善的框架体系和实施机制.鉴于中国排污许可证制度尚处于起步阶段,简要梳理了美国大气污染物排污许可证的发展历程,重点介绍了美国大气污染物排污许可证的实施程序、实施效果及实施特点,为中国污染物排污许可证制度的全面有效实施乃至推动环境质量改善提供参考.     

气箱式脉冲喷吹袋式除尘器清灰系统主要技术参数的确定

为了揭示气箱式脉冲袋式除尘器的清灰机理,应用压缩气体流动能量方程,推导出滤袋表面的反向清灰风速教学表达式;根据袋式除尘器实验模型测定的数据,得出了剥离力与粉尘剥离率之问的关系式,并在此基础上提出了清灰系统设计方法;应用气体射流理论得到了脉冲喷吹质量流量、喷吹口直径、空压机供气压力和供气量的计算公式.结果表明,在粉尘负荷一定的条件下,给定预期的剥离率,可以得到所必需的反向清灰风速和喷吹气体流量,据此可以确定清灰系统的主要技术参数.     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋气体的收集与利用

垃圾填埋沼气的回收利用是一项经济可行且对环境有益的技术。从填埋沼气的组成及其影响因素出发,探讨了沼气的产量计算、收集、输送和贮存途径,并介绍了净化工艺及其适用性。     

Enantioselective separation and zebrafish embryo toxicity of insecticide beta-cypermethrin

Enantioselectivity of chiral pollutants is receiving growing concern due to the difference in toxicology and environment fate between enantiomers.In this study,enantiomers of insecticide beta-cypermethrin (beta-CP) were separated on selected chiral column by HPLC,and the toxicity of enantiomers was evaluated using the zebrafish embryo-larval assays.The enantiomers of beta-CP were baseline separated on Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD columns and detected by circular dichroism (CD) at 236 nm.Better separation could be achieved at lower temperature (e.g.,20°C) and with lower levels of polar modifiers.Pure enantiomers were obtained on Chiralcel OD.The CD spectra of enantiomers were recorded.By comparing the elution order with a previous similar study,the absolute configuration of beta-CP enantiomers was determined.The individual enantiomers were used in zebrafish embryo test,and the results showed that beta-CP enantioselectively induced yolk sac edema,pericardial edema and crooked body.The 1R-cis-αS and 1R-trans-αS enantiomers showed strong developmental toxicities at concentration of 0.1 mg/L,while the 1S-cis-αR and 1S-trans-αR induced no malformations at higher concentration (e.g.,0.3 mg/L).The results suggest that the enantioselective toxicological effects of beta-CP should be considered when evaluating its ecotoxicological effects.     

SBR短程脱氮系统中亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,通过控制好氧段的DO浓度及曝气时间,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并考察了短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷系统的影响.结果表明,在没有补充外碳源的情况下,好氧阶段NO2--N的积累低于10 mg·L-1时,聚磷菌的吸磷及放磷能力没有受到影响,好氧出水磷浓度基本维持在1 mg·L-1以下;当N...     

温州城市不同下垫面径流中无机氮的含量及初期冲刷效应

在温州两个采样区分别监测了4场降雨事件,选取交通干道、停车场、小区屋面、小区路面、城市排水系统汇流口、草地等6种下垫面,测定地表降雨径流中溶解铵态氮（NH＋4-N）、溶解硝态氮（NO-3-N）、溶解亚硝态氮（NO-2-N）的含量及基本理化指标.结果表明,温州城市降雨径流中NH＋4-N、NO-3-N和NO-2-N的降雨事件平均浓度（EMC）值分别介于0.40～5.55、0.01～4.70、0～0.87mg·L-1（以N计）之间,九山外河区域氮污染比山下河区域严重,交通干道、居民生活区是氮污染严重的地方,应加以重视.多数下垫面径流中溶解态无机氮以NH＋4-N为主,比例可达50%以上,九山外河区域各下垫面径流中NH＋4-N普遍超过了地表水环境V类水标准.除小区路面以外,各下垫面径流多次出现NH＋4-N的初期冲刷效应,仅小区屋面和汇流口径流中出现过NO--N初期冲刷效应.     

江苏省地震科学数据共享平台技术研究

本文利用分布式数据库技术着力研究和开发了江苏省地震局的测震数据库、前兆数据库的共享、管理与集中发布技术。主要运用JSP（Java Server Page）技术及PHP（Hypertext Preprocessor）语言对测震的JOPENS系统中MySQL数据库、EQIM数据库、及前兆Oracle数据库等进行进一步地开发。搭建了一个行业内跨计算机操作平台的可视化的地震科技数据共享、交换及管理平台,实现了多种地震科学数据的（例如近、远震地震信息、各学科的运行率等）在线可视化、基于Google Map检索的地震信息服务等。     

The inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174 by nanoscale zero-valent iron: Resistance difference and mechanisms

• The resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. • The nZVI damaged the surface proteins of both bacteriophages. • The nZVI could destroy the nucleic acid of MS2, but not that of PhiX174. •The phage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of the nucleic acid. Pathogenic enteric viruses pose a significant risk to human health. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), a novel material for environmental remediation, has been shown to be a promising tool for disinfection. However, the existing research has typically utilized MS2 or f2 bacteriophages to investigate the antimicrobial properties of nZVI, and the resistance difference between bacteriophages, which is important for the application of disinfection technologies, is not yet understood. Here, MS2 and PhiX174 containing RNA and DNA, respectively, were used as model viruses to investigate the resistances to nZVI. The bacteriophage inactivation mechanisms were also discussed using TEM images, protein, and nucleic acid analysis. The results showed that an initial concentration of 10⁶ PFU/mL of MS2 could be completely inactivated within 240 min by 40 mg/L nZVI at pH 7, whereas the complete inactivation of PhiX174 could not be achieved by extending the reaction time, increasing the nZVI dosage, or changing the dosing means. This indicates that the resistance of phage PhiX174 to nZVI was much stronger than that of MS2. TEM images indicated that the viral particle shape was distorted, and the capsid shell was ruptured by nZVI. The damage to viral surface proteins in both phages was examined by three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, the nucleic acid analysis demonstrated that the nucleic acid of MS2, but not PhiX174, was destroyed. It indicated that bacteriophage inactivation was mainly attributed to the damage of nucleic acids.