污泥厌氧消化技术的研究与进展

厌氧消化是目前国际上应用最为广泛的污泥稳定化和资源化的方法,随着全球性的能源危机以及各国可持续发展和环保法规的相继出台,该技术将有更加广阔的发展前景。阐述了厌氧消化的基本原理和应用情况,讨论了近年国外针对厌氧消化预处理技术和不同运行条件对厌氧消化反应效果的影响以及不同污泥处理工艺产能效果等方面研究成果及最新进展。     

稻田土壤氧化亚氮产生潜势、反硝化功能基因丰度和群落结构的垂向分布

土壤中氧化亚氮（N₂O）的释放量占全球N₂O释放总量的60%.其中，稻田土壤是N₂O最主要的释放源.反硝化过程是稻田土壤N₂O生成的主要微生物过程之一.本研究选取广东韶关稻田垂向土壤（0~100 cm）为研究对象，通过乙炔抑制剂法测定了N₂O产生潜势和反硝化潜势，并利用针对特异性功能基因的实时荧光定量和高通量测序技术分别分析反硝化功能基因丰度和反硝化微生物群落结构.结果显示：0~10 cm深度的土壤样品N₂O产生潜势最高，可达（0.020±0.0035）μg·g^-1·h^-1.反硝化功能基因中，nirK基因的丰度峰值（（1.51±0.0015）×10⁸ copies·g^-1）出现在0~10 cm深度，而nosZ和nirS基因的丰度峰值（（4.29±0.0015）×10⁷ copies·g^-1和（8.86±0.0010）×10⁷ copies·g^-1）均出现在10~20 cm深度.稻田垂向土壤中N₂O产生潜势和相关的反硝化功能基因（nosZ、nirK和nirS）丰度均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低.其中在所有深度的土壤样品中nirK基因的丰度均高于nirS.基于nirK基因的高通量测序结果发现慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）的相对丰度最高（44.06%±6.14%，n=6）.相关性分析表明，稻田土壤中N₂O产生潜势与环境因子（TN、TC和含水率）、反硝化功能基因丰度以及慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium），罗河杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）和亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）的相对丰度呈正相关.上述结果表明稻田土壤中环境因子和反硝化功能基因丰度影响了N₂O产生潜势的垂向分布.     

Co-pyrolysis of oil sludge with hydrogen-rich plastics in a vertical stirring reactor: Kinetic analysis,emissions, and products

● Collaborative treatment of plastics and OS was established to improve oil quality. ● PE addition successfully improved OS pyrolysis process by deploying H/C_eff ratio. ● Higher H/C_eff ratio promoted cracking to obtain more gas and light oil fractions. ● The degradation of PE and OS was promoted each other under their temperature range. Pyrolysis is an effective method to treat oily sludge (OS) due to its balance between oil recovery and nonhazardous disposal. However, tank bottom OS contains a high content of heavy fractions, which creates obstacles for pyrolysis due to the high activation energy. The incomplete cracking of macromolecules and secondary polymerization decreases the oil quality and causes coking during the operation process. This study introduced polyethylene (PE) into OS to deploy the H/C_eff ratio of feedstocks for pyrolysis. A strong interaction between OS and PE during copyrolysis could be observed from the TG/DTG curves. PE tightly participated in OS degradation, while OS also promoted PE degradation at high temperature. Apparent pits were generated in solid residues from copyrolysis, which was attributed to the uniform and violent gas release. In addition to HCN, other nitrogenous and sulphurous pollutants were inhibited. Accordingly, more gas products were attained after PE addition with more value-added compositions of alkanes and alkenes. Although the oil yield decreased after PE addition, the oil products from copyrolysis possessed higher heating values and higher contents of light fractions with short chains as well as paraffins. Consequently, copyrolysis of OS and PE significantly improved the pyrolysis process and resulted in high oil quality.     

高浓度硝基苯类生产废水物化-生化处理试验研究

采用Fenton法氧化-微电解-厌氧序批式反应(ASBR)-好氧序批式反应(SBR)的工艺流程,处理高浓度硝基苯类生产废水进行试验研究。结果表明,进水硝基苯浓度1300mg/L,COD浓度12480mg/L,pH为2.8时,投加H2O2量为3.3g/L,Fe2+为560mg/L,反应时间为90min,沉淀后上清液进行微电解反应60min并调节pH=8.0,沉淀后再进入ASBR反应器和SBR反应器,硝基苯去除率可达99.4%,COD去除率达94.4%。     

O_2BG复叶式节能曝气机的性能及其应用

介绍了复叶式节能曝气机的结构,工作原理,性能参数及实际应用情况。     

土壤对煤矸石填充时地下水中F-、SO42-的吸附规律

通过室内静态模拟浸泡试验,文章探讨了平煤集团十二矿附近的土壤对该矿煤矸石井下填充过程中地下水溶出的F-和SO42-的吸附性能.研究发现:土壤对F-吸附效果较好,而对SP42-较差;改性土壤对F-和SO42-的吸附效果均较好,均能使其在地下水中的含量达到地下水Ⅲ类标准;F-和SO42-在改性土壤上的吸附等温模型分别符合Freundlich、Temkin等温式;改性土壤对F-和SO42-的解吸过程分为快速和慢速两个反应阶段.通过试验数据分析得出:井下填充时煤矸石和改性土壤的最佳配比为1∶0.26.     

城市发展对室内外气温影响初探

本文以昆明市为研究对象。昆明地区受全球气候变暖影响年平均气温约升高 0 4 7℃ /a ;由于城市面积扩大导致昆明的室内外气温均升高 ,城市增温效应在 1 -4月较大 ,5-1 2月较小 ;在相同月份 ,平均室内气温的增温率均大于平均气温 ;城市增温效应与城市建成区面积、城市人口均有较好地相关关系。城市建成区面积增加对平均气温的影响较大 ;而城市人口增加对平均室内气温的影响较大。     

活性污泥法处理染料废水的研究

采用活性污泥法，以牛粪浆作污泥源，粉煤灰为生物载体，结合新型的喷射环流三相生物反应器，试验研究了三苯甲烷类碱性染料废水降解过程的特性及降解反应器内的流体力学行为     

Steady Shallow-Water Current and Solute Transport around a Semi-Conical Headland

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of a sloping wall headland on the flow characteristics and the associated concentration distributions from a point source around the headland. A semi-conical headland with a slope of 1:2 was set up in a flow basin, 4.8 m long and 3.8 m wide. In this paper, the experimental results of a steady shallow-water current are reported. Three dimensional flow velocities in the basin were measured using Sontek-ADV instrument. The dye concentration levels in the basin were measured by two fluorometers. The experimental results showed a large-scale re-circulation region behind the semi-conical headland. The peak turbulence energy, at about 53% of the local kinetic flow energy, coincides with the region of high velocity gradient. Significant vertical flows were observed around the area near the downhill slope of the headland, with a maximum ratio of vertical to horizontal velocities being about 22%. Such relatively significant vertical scouring velocities, coupled with strong turbulence energy and high horizontal velocity gradients in the same region, could cause severe bed erosion. The experimental results have also been compared with the predicted results of a depth-averaged numerical model. The predicted eddy structure and the concentration distribution in the re-circulation area were found to compare favourably with the experimental results. However, the discrepancies in the flow velocities and the concentration levels near the headland were apparent. It was observed that the dye concentration continued to spread in the cross-stream direction after passing the headland, whereas only a limited extent of the lateral spreading was predicted by the numerical model further downstream of the headland.     

环境综合整治是现代化城市管理的必然途径

环境综合整治是我国环保工作的重要政策，杨浦区通过开展环境综合整治定量考核，取得了较好的效果，数据表明区域的环境质量有明显提高，其体会是：环境综合整治要以责任制为龙头，以规划为依据，以“三依靠”为基础，使区域内的环境与经济协调发展，加强环境综合整治已成为各级政府现代化管理城市的重要手段。