Evaluating eco-sustainability and its spatial variability in tourism areas: a case study in Lijiang County,China

Studying eco-sustainability of tourism areas is part of sustainable development research. In tourism areas, the ecosystem comprises both the environment and the human system. The environmental system is basically physical, whereas the human system, consisting of both tourists and residents, is the dominant factor driving ecosystem change. If the combined influence of tourists and residents exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment, which is the ecological threshold of eco-sustainability in the tourism area, then the structure, function and stability of the environment will degenerate. Hence, eco-sustainability assessment of tourism areas should be based on analyses of the relationship between the influence of tourists and residents on the environment and the environmental carrying capacity. Using ecological footprint and tourism ecological footprint models, we developed and applied a synthetic assessment index system for eco-sustainability of tourism areas in Lijiang County, Yunnan Province, China, to conduct a quantitative spatial assessment for 2001. The eco-sustainability of Lijiang was high, with a harmonious relationship between regional socioeconomic development and the ecological environment. There were significant spatial differences in eco-sustainability among 24 towns in the region because of spatial heterogeneity in socioeconomic status, tourism development and environmental elements.     

活性污泥一号模型参数影响的分析研究

自从国际水质污染与控制协会（IAWQ）推出的活性污泥数学模型ASM系列以来,活性污泥工艺中的动力学过程得到了更精确的描述。通过对活性污泥一号模型（ASM1）的诸多参数文献值进行了分析研究,从中筛选出对模拟结果影响较大的部分,并做出灵敏度分析,为模拟研究和污水处理实际控制提供帮助。研究发现pH、Ks、bH、KH、Kx和YH对于出水中有机物影响较大,bH、YH、bA、μA、K0A、KNH和YA对氮组分的影响较大;bH和YH对硝酸盐氮降解影响较大。     

基于约束关系的石化装置三维重建方法研究

针对现有的三维建模算法存在耗时长,局部结合细节建模效果差等问题,提出了一种基于石化设备模型库的装置三维重建算法。利用计算机视觉"从运动恢复结构"技术初步实现石化装置部件的识别与定位,提取关键帧中局部特征显著的设备信息,实现基准部件识别及位置匹配。提取复杂管道的空间布局信息,利用阀门(组)的识别信息及约束关系来校正已重建的三维场景,最终实现整个石化装置的自动化三维重建。实例证明,采用文中算法进行石化装置三维重建,可以有效地减少建模时间,提高建模精度。     

红霉素对菲降解菌GY2B的毒性及抗生素后效应

为了解抗生素对环境污染物高效降解菌的生态效应,通过红霉素对菲高效降解菌GY2B的毒性实验以及抗生素后效应(PAE)的测定,研究了菌体细胞在红霉素作用下的生理、毒理指标以及后效应期间菌体的变化。结果表明,GY2B对红霉素的最高耐受(99.9%死亡率)浓度为25μg/mL,长期接触低于25μg/mL的红霉素可降低GY2B对药物敏感性,使其产生耐药性;当红霉素浓度高于最低抑菌浓度(0.25μg/mL)时,能显著降低菌体细胞的总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,引起活性氧对菌体的损伤,亦能显著降低乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力,但对菌体细胞有氧呼吸水平的影响会随着时间逐渐减弱;GY2B在短暂接触红霉素后2~3 h即可复苏生长(菌密度增加10倍),但红霉素能对GY2B产生明显的后效应,诱发细胞SOS修复机制和自溶现象,使得DNA含量发生显著变化。因此,环境中抗生素对污染物降解微生物的生态效应值得关注。     

O3/·OH簇射烟气脱除甲苯的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件耦合化学反应机理对O₃与·OH簇射烟气脱除甲苯进行了数值模拟。针对圆形面为入射面的圆柱形管道,通过模拟计算不同位置截面上的甲苯平均浓度,得到管道各个位置的甲苯脱除效率。在不同温度、射流速度、气体组分、自由基配比等工况条件下,模拟研究O₃/·OH对甲苯的脱除规律,分析影响O₃/·OH对甲苯脱除效率的关键因素。结果发现,提升温度对脱除效率有较大提升,而自由基浓度、射流速度、水分浓度与氧气浓度等参数均对脱除甲苯效率均有一定影响。由于在复杂的烟道系统中O₃具有更长的活性周期,因此,比·OH有更高的甲苯脱除效率,约4%的优势。当O₃和·OH混合配比为20%时,脱除效率较其他配比情况要高出约5%,这表明·OH和O₃可协同进行甲苯脱除。本研究可为优化含甲苯的焚烧废气脱除净化技术提供参考。     

自动吹扫捕集/气相色谱—质谱法同时测定地表水中的2-甲基茚、1-甲基萘、1,4-二氢萘和4-甲基苯乙烯

将地表水中的2-甲基茚、1-甲基萘、1,4-二氢萘和4-甲基苯乙烯同时用吹扫捕集/气相色谱—质谱法进行测定。结果表明,当进样体积为20mL时,方法检出限为0.42~0.46μg/L,标准曲线相关系数大于0.999,方法精密度的相对标准偏差为1.1%~4.2%,加标回收率为80.0%~118.0%,均符合有关分析要求。该方法灵敏度高、分离效果良好,在实际样品测定特别是突发性环境污染应急事故监测中有较好的应用。     

亚南极潮间带生物体中PAHs组成特征及源解析

该研究在中国第27次南极科考(27th CHINARE)度夏期间(2009.11-2010.01)在长城湾潮间带采集了11种常见生物样品,通过GC-MS检测了生物体内的16种常见多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的含量,根据检测数据分析亚南极地区海域潮间带生物群落中的PAHs在潮间带生物群落中的含量状况,初步探讨该地区PAHs的潜在来源。ΣPAHs为136.97~649.31(ng/g干重,下同),萘、菲、蒽、芴等低环芳烃所有生物样品均检出包括萘、菲、蒽、芴等常见低环芳烃,苯并芘(a)、茚苯(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)芘少数样品苯并芘(a)、茚苯(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)芘未检出,ΣPAHs为136.97~649.31(ng/g干重,下同),低环芳烃占57.45%~86.27%,Phe和Nap是最主要的2种PAHs。采用比值法分析该地区PAHs组成可知该地区PAHs主要来自柴油燃烧和柴油泄漏。对不同生物体内的16种多环芳烃组成比例进行比较,可以发现长城湾潮间带生物群落具有相似的PAHs组成比例。     

Concentrations, transport, fate, and releases of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China

Wastewater has proved to be a significant source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. Seventeen congeners from tri- to deca-BDEs were determined to characterize the occurrence, fate, and transport of PBDEs in two sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. The PBDE concentrations varied substantially from 13.3 to 2496.4 ng L(-1) in the raw wastewater, depending on the wastewater types and contents of the suspended particulate matter (SPM). The concentrations declined to 0.9 to 4.4 ng L(-1) in the treated effluent and were closely associated with SPM contents. BDE-209 was the predominant congener in the wastewater and sewage sludge. Most of PBDEs might have ended up in the sewage sludge, with <4.7% being discharged with the treated effluent. The results revealed that PBDEs were not significantly degraded by biological treatment and chlorination in the STPs. An annual release of PBDEs was estimated at 2280 kg/year through wastewater from the Pearl River Delta.     

打造完善的综合性海洋环境保护法

《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》(以下简称《海洋环境保护法》)一直是综合性海洋环境保护法,也应当继续保持其"综合性"定位。根据我国海洋环境保护的实际需要,按照实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的要求,《海洋环境保护法》应当确立海区管理权,明确海区管理局的职权;把海洋综合管理体制法律化;为海洋环境的多方元共治提供法律依据。《海洋环境保护法》应当对防治海洋污染损害、防治海洋资源损害、保护海洋生态、防治海洋地理环境不利变化等4个环境保护事务领域全面设立行为规范,按照在各事务领域开展环境保护的需要创设制度。《海洋环境保护法》应确立自身在海洋环境保护法体系中的核心地位,为实现海洋环境法体系与其他相关法律的良性对接做出安排。     

Temporal variation of PM2.5-associated health effects in Shijiazhuang,Hebei

•Annual mean PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang were 87, 95, and 82 µg/m³ in 2015–2017. •Health risk of cardiovascular system was higher than respiratory system. •Premature mortality attributed to PM_2.5 was 5088 people in 2017. •ΔMort and YLL reduced by 84.2% and 84.6% when PM_2.5 reduced to 10 µg/m³. •Health risks due to PM_2.5 were severe in Shijiazhuang in 2015–2017. Shijiazhuang is one of the cities in the North China Plain. In recent decades, this city has experienced high levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), which have potentially significant effects on human health. In this study, the health effects of PM_2.5 exposure in Shijiazhuang were estimated by applying an integrated exposure-response model. Premature mortality, years of life lost (YLL), and the mortality benefits linked to reduced levels of PM_2.5 were quantified for the period 2015–2017. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, cerebrovascular diseases caused the highest premature mortality (2432, 2449, and 2483, respectively), followed by ischemic heart diseases (1391, 1479, and 1493, respectively), lung cancer (639,660, and 639, respectively), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (533, 519, and 473, respectively). Notably, the total number of premature deaths caused by PM_2.5 exposure in Shijiazhuang in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were 4994, 5107, and 5088, respectively. Moreover, the YLL in the same years were 47001, 47880 and 47381, respectively. Interestingly, the YLL per 1000 females was lower than that per 1000 males. Finally, we noted that premature mortality and YLL decreased by 84.2% and 84.6% when the PM_2.5 levels diminished to 10 µg/m³. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding of how high PM_2.5 concentrations affect human health and suggest the application of more stringent measures in Shijiazhuang to alleviate the associated health risks.