钱塘江引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行研究

针对杭州西湖钱塘江引水低碳高氮的特点,提出以改性水草塘—复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)相耦合的生物—生态工艺进行引水处理,对该引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行效果进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,整个稳定运行期间(2012年7月19日至11月19日),耦合工艺对COD、TN、硝酸盐氮、TP的平均去除率分别为52.27%、52.49%、53.69%、52.79%,系统出水满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ标准;改性水草塘和IVCW单元作为耦合工艺的两个重要组成部分,在脱氮、除磷方面优势互补,从而共同保证出水水质的稳定;在改性水草塘单元,温度与COD的去除效果呈负相关关系,进水C/N与TN去除效果呈正相关关系;而在IVCW单元,温度与COD、TN的去除效果均呈线性正相关关系,进水C/N与两者的去除效果也呈正相关关系,且对COD的影响要大于对TN的影响。     

一株光合细菌的分离鉴定及其产电特性

采用光照富集及厌氧划线法从污水厂二沉池活性污泥分离到一株光合细菌YC-1,结合菌落特征、细胞形态、活细胞吸收光谱及16S rRNA基因序列分析等对其进行了分类学鉴定,并研究了YC-1在不同光源照射下的产电性能。结果表明,该菌为短杆状,有鞭毛,菌落呈淡粉色,含有大量细菌叶绿素a,16S rRNA基因序列与Rhodopseudomonas palustris DX-1相似度为99%,属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.);双室微生物燃料电池的阳极室接种YC-1,并以乙酸钠为底物,铁氰化钾作为阴极电子受体,外载为1 000Ω时,电池稳定运行时输出电压为0.58 V,且输出电压不受光源光谱影响。     

改性壳聚糖复合凹凸棒土絮凝油漆废水

将壳聚糖、阳离子淀粉和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)进行三元接枝共聚,制备了三元接枝改性壳聚糖(CTS-DMDAAC-CS),通过红外光谱和扫描电镜对其结构进行了表征.并且将三元接枝改性壳聚糖与凹凸棒土进行优化复配,对油漆废水进行了絮凝实验,得出了当pH=12,沉降时间为20 min,复合絮凝剂投加量为0.2 g,三元接枝共聚物:凹凸棒土=1:10时,该复合絮凝剂对油漆去除率最佳能够达到89.3%,并且絮凝效果好,是一种新型绿色环保的有机-无机复合絮凝剂.     

煤粉炉掺烧干化污泥的污染物排放研究

结合某电厂420 t/h四角煤粉炉掺烧污泥项目的实验室分析测试,了解煤粉掺烧不同含水率不同比例的干化污泥条件下烟气中污染物和灰渣中重金属的排放特性.结果表明,在实验研究配比和燃烧的条件下,大部分重金属元素Pb、Cu、Cr和Ni残留在灰渣中,Zn、Cd部分残留在灰渣中, As、Hg和Se等易挥发元素释放到烟气中,在灰渣中的含量很小.掺烧污泥后,灰渣中的重金属含量较单烧单煤都有了一定幅度的升高,Zn的含量是单煤的2倍,其余重金属是单煤的1.1~1.2倍.3种不同的掺混比例之间的污染气体排放浓度基本相似.烟气中主要污染物及重金属浓度可以满足现行国家标准.与单烧单煤相比,CO、HCl以及其他有机气体排放浓度基本相同;NH3的排放浓度较单煤有所升高;SO2、NOx和CO2排放浓度略有降低;飞灰浓度有所升高.烟气中的重金属,Hg含量升高了30%,Pb含量约为单煤的4.3~4.8倍.以上研究结果可为环保达标和飞灰利用提供基础数据.     

Distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chicken manure and manure-fertilized vegetables

Veterinary manure is an important pollution reservoir of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). However, little is known of the distribution of ARB in plant endophytic bacteria and the number/types of ARB in chicken manure. In this study, 454-pyrosequencing was used to investigate the distribution and composition of ARBs in chicken manure and fertilized vegetables. The prevalence of ARB in the samples of the chicken manure compost recovered from farms on which amoxicillin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and cephalexin were used was 20.91–65.9 % for ARBs and 8.24–20.63 % simultaneously resistant to two or more antibiotics (multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB)). Antibiotic-resistant endophytic bacteria were widely detected in celery, pakchoi, and cucumber with the highest rate of resistance to cephalexin. The pyrosequencing indicated that the chicken manure dominantly harbored Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes, and Proteobacteria and that Bacteroidetes was significantly enhanced in farms utilizing antibiotics. In the total cultivable colonies, 62.58–89.43 % ARBs and 95.29 % MARB were clustered in Bacteroidetes with the dominant species (Myroides ordoratimimus and Spningobacterium spp., respectively) related to human clinical opportunistic pathogens.     

Distribution features of biological hazardous pollutants in residential environments in Korea

This research has been conducted continuously since 2009 as part of a cohort of studies examining relationships between asthma and genetic factors, dietary habits, and environmental factors. Based on data from environmental research on house dust mites and endotoxins, which are widely known as pollutants in bedding that cause asthma in pregnant women and children, this work was conducted to obtain basic data that can be used in future cohort studies that analyze links between distribution of biological hazards and physical features of residential environments. The detection rates of house dust mite allergens, Der p1 and Der f1, were 52.7 and 86.5 %, respectively, indicating that Der f1 is a dominant species in domestic indoor environments. According to comparisons between concentrations of house dust mites and endotoxins in bedding of pregnant women and children, Der p1 and endotoxins showed significantly lower concentrations in bedding of pregnant women compared with those in bedding of children, whereas Der f1 showed no significant difference in concentration according to bedding.     

蚯蚓细胞色素P450酶系对土壤中芘或苯并[a]芘的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物,通过人工污染草甸棕壤微宇宙试验方法,研究了暴露于不同环境浓度芘或苯并[a]芘(添加量分别为0.12、0.24、0.48、0.96 mg·kg~(-1))污染的土壤中14 d后,蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450(CYPs)酶系,如CYPs总量、CYP1A1及CYP2C9活性的变化.结果显示,芘或苯并[a]芘暴露导致蚯蚓CYPs总量、CYP1A1及CYP2C9活性的变化不同.其中,CYPs总量与CYP1A1活性对芘的响应趋势相似:试验3 d后,0.96 mg·kg~(-1)芘导致二者都显著高于对照水平;14 d后,都显著低于对照水平;CYP1A1活性对芘的响应更为敏感.CYPs总量与CYP2C9活性对苯并[a]芘的响应趋势相似:暴露初期,苯并[a]芘最高暴露剂量(0.96 mg·kg~(-1))导致二者都显著低于对照水平;试验结束后,苯并[a]芘最低暴露剂量(0.12 mg·kg~(-1))导致二者都显著高于对照水平,最高剂量暴露导致二者都显著低于对照水平,CYP2C9活性对苯并[a]芘的响应更为敏感.因此,推断CYPs亚酶对污染物的响应具有选择性且亚酶的响应敏感度高于CYPs总量.将CYPs总量与CYP1A1活性结合,或与CYP2C9活性结合分别诊断土壤芘污染或并[a]芘污染,较为准确有效.     

膜生物反应器运行中的膜污染问题

这了各国研究者针对膜生物反应器中的膜污染问题所作的工作，认为膜本身的性质以及废水组成和工艺条件都是造成膜污染的主要原因，利用反冲洗和清洗手段，可以有效地改善膜的性能，以提高膜的寿命，膜生物反应器技术的改进是避免膜污染的新思路。     

DBD降解CF2ClBr过程中自由基与电子能量

利用介质阻挡放电方法对环境污染物ＣＦ₂ＣｌＢｒ进行了等离子体降解的研究．在前人对该体系的降解产物分析及活性粒子推测的基础上,采用动态反应装置得到了等离子体的发射光谱,进一步确证了等离子体系中出现的ＣＦ₂、ＣＦＣｌ、Ｆ、Ｃｌ、Ｂｒ等主要自由基,并从中推出了等离子态气体可能发生的自由基反应．同时通过发射光谱的分析,近似得到该体系的平均电子能量约为２．４２ｅＶ