接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的快速启动

对接种市政消化污泥的EGSB反应器的启动进行实验研究以寻求快速启动EGSB反应器的有效方法。接种厌氧消化污泥EGSB反应器的成功启动仅需要46d。在整个启动期保持适当的液体上升流速是非常重要的。启动初期，高液体上升流速能够将悬浮污泥冲出反应器，使适合聚集的微生物留在反应器内。接下来需要降低进水流量和液体上升流速以利于构建稳定的微生态系统，使高活性颗粒污泥尽快形成。然后适当提高液体上升流速能保持污水与微生物的良好接触，促进颗粒污泥内外高效传质，形成更加稳定高效的微生物群落结构。为尽快形成高活性颗粒污泥，保证产甲烷菌的最佳营养需求是关键，可通过考虑进水基质、微量营养元素和硫化物来提高其活性。     

Effect of surfactants at low concentrations on the sorption of atrazine by natural sediment.

A series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of surfactants at low concentrations on the sorption of atrazine by natural sediments. With surfactant concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mg/ L, anionic and cationic surfactants appreciably reduce the adsorption of atrazine, while nonionic surfactant decreases the adsorption of atrazine at concentrations equal to or less than 1 mg/L and increases adsorption at higher concentrations. Desorption of atrazine in the presence of different sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) concentrations shows that a portion of the bound pesticide resists desorption in the SDBS free system. However, the addition of SDBS accelerates the desorption of atrazine. Furthermore, the nature of sediment and the contacting sequence of SDBS, at 10 mg/L, with the sediment, also influence the adsorption of atrazine. The conclusions in this study could be explained partially by the effect of the type and concentration of surfactants and the characteristics of sediments.     

Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in Korean river sediments and their detection by biomarkers

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are a group of toxic halogenated aryl hydrocarbons inducing various physiological disorders against biological organisms. Here, we investigated their levels in sediment samples taken from 12 different rivers in Korea. The levels of PCDD/PCDFs in sediment samples were expressed as concentrations and international TEQ values. Among 17 PCDD/PCDFs selected as target compounds in this study, the 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD and OCDD were found in all river sediments with significant variation in various congener profiles of PCDD/PCDFs in sediments. PCDD/PCDFs could be monitored by sensitive biomarkers using insect immune system. Out of 12 river sediment samples, the biomarkers reported four spots (up, middle, and down Singil sites and Ansan) as putative contamination areas. When comparing both chemical and biological monitoring results, two methods agreed three spots of Singil as contamination areas (above 10ppt levels) as well as six river sediment samples as relatively less-contaminated areas, but differed in the results in Ansan and Miho, probably due to relative non-specificity of biomarkers. Despite some disparity between bio- and chemical monitoring results, the biomarkers can be recommended as a device warning the contamination of dioxins in the environment because of a fast and inexpensive detection method.     

研究星载IPDA激光雷达探测CO2光谱纯度

光谱纯度是积分路径差分吸收激光雷达最重要的系统参数之一,光谱纯度直接影响CO₂数据的探测精度.在模式研究中要求输入观测的CO₂数据误差小于1×10^-6,对激光器光谱纯度参数设计提出很高要求.本文采用有效吸收截面分析探测反演误差的方法,研究了由光谱纯度带来的CO₂柱浓度探测误差,并基于窄带滤波器对光谱不纯能量的抑制作用,对不同带宽的窄带滤波器进行选择和分析,从而达到降低对光谱纯度的要求,提升探测精度的目的,最后讨论了由于窄带滤波器造成的能量衰减所对随机误差的影响.结果表明：当光谱纯度为99.9%,窄带滤波器带宽1GHz,透射率为0.86,脉冲能量为100mJ时CO₂探测的系统误差小于0.084×10^-6,随机误差小于0.02×10^-6,满足探测精度要求.     

遵义市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源解析

为探究遵义市PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源,于2018年6月~2019年5月采集了遵义市两个采样点共120个PM_2.5样品,并利用离子色谱法对样品中8种水溶性离子进行了分析。结果表明：采样期间,遵义市PM_2.5平均值为47.6±19.3 μg/m³,呈现冬春高、夏秋低的季节变化特征;8种水溶性离子平均质量浓度顺序为SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^- > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺,平均值为13.74 μg/m³,水溶性离子质量浓度的季节变化与PM_2.5变化趋势相似;SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺（SNA）是PM_2.5中主要水溶性离子,占比为83.8%,说明遵义市大气PM_2.5二次污染较严重;相关性分析表明,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄的形式存在,部分以NH₄NO₃的形式存在;[NO₃^-]/[SO₄^2-]小于1,表明固定源为主要污染源;主成分分析结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于燃煤、交通混合源、土壤、建筑扬尘及农业源。     

黄河干流宁蒙段溶解性有机物组分特征及其与金属离子的相关性

溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)是天然水体的重要组成部分,由于化学极性及所含的官能团不同,其在水体中的化学行为也不同.本研究以黄河干流宁蒙段为研究对象,于2015年4月采集了下河沿至头道拐沿程7个断面的水样,采用XAD系列树脂将DOM分为疏水性酸(hydrophobic acid,HOA)、疏水性碱(hydrophobic base,HOB)、弱疏水性酸(weak hydrophobic acid,WHOA)和亲水性物质(hydrophilic matter,HYI)这4个组分,探讨了DOM组分含量、荧光峰值及其与Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、As这5种金属离子之间的相关性.结果表明,黄河宁蒙段DOM总量由下河沿至头道拐沿程逐渐增加.各断面DOM腐殖化程度较低,以亲水性的蛋白质类小分子物质(HYI)为主,疏水性酸(HOA)次之,这与黄河沿岸排污导致内源作用增强有关.三维荧光光谱中类腐殖质和类蛋白质荧光峰型显著,且类腐殖质峰沿程逐渐增强,进一步证实了内源污水输入的影响.SPSS相关性分析结果表明,DOM与5种金属离子呈现出不同程度的相关性,其中与Cu离子显著相关;4种组分中HYI与Cu离子的相关性最强,说明二者在迁移转化过程中存在显著相互作用.进一步研究发现,芳香蛋白类物质荧光峰强度随Cu离子浓度的升高而降低,这可能是Cu与亲水性组分中的芳香类蛋白质发生络合产生荧光淬灭效应,从而导致荧光强度降低.     

Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49?ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.     

Soot reduction by addition of dimethyl carbonate in normal and inverse ethylene diffusion flames: Nanostructural evidence

Oxygenated fuel represents an attractive alternative as an additive for reducing soot emissions.Dimethyl carbonate(DMC) is an oxygenated compound which is a good option to reduce soot,but the detailed characteristics of soot produced from combustion of hydrocarbon fuels blended with DMC are still lacking. The present research studied the nanostructure and reactivity of soot particles in ethylene/DMC normal and inverse diffusion flames. High resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)were used to analyze the nanostructure and reactivity of soot. It was found that DMC addition was effective in decreasing the average weights of soot formed in flames. The results of HRTEM images showed that soot particles obtained with DMC addition showed liquid-like material and tight bonding, and exhibited more highly disorganized layers, which give it higher reactivity than soot obtained without DMC addition. Furthermore, HRTEM was used to analyze soot fringe characteristics consisting of fringe tortuosity, fringe length, and fringe separation. XRD was used to crosscheck the results for fringe separation, and was consistent with HRTEM results. In addition, the mass loss curve of TGA experiments showed that DMC addition could enhance the reactivity of soot particles.     

不同基质浓度对ANAMMOX菌短期储存的影响

在15℃±1℃条件下,将厌氧氨氧化菌混培物分别置于基质浓度为0、60、120 mg·L~(-1)添加比例为1∶1的NH+4-N和NO-2-N环境中短期(15 d)储存,探究不同基质浓度对厌氧氨氧化污泥短期保存及恢复的影响.经过短期储存后进行恢复实验,结果表明,1、2、3号反应器(分别对应0、60、120 mg·L~(-1)基质浓度中储存的厌氧氨氧化菌混培物)中的厌氧氨氧化活性分别下降41. 8%、17. 4%、33. 4.%,1、3号分别由于过度内源呼吸和高基质浓度抑制,导致活性下降较大,2号反应器由于基质浓度相对合适,避免了过度内源呼吸和高基质浓度抑制,使得菌种活性在该基质浓度下保留较好;储存期间,3个反应器内均发生内源呼吸消耗自身有机物的情况,导致EPS含量下降50. 9%、41. 7%、23. 7%和粒径下降31. 6%、16. 7%、8. 2%,表明在基质匮乏期菌体通过内源呼吸的方式维持自身的活性,较高的基质浓度可以在一定程度上延缓内源呼吸过程;在恢复期间,3个反应器分别经过15、10、7 d实现脱氮性能和厌氧氨氧化活性的恢复,表明同菌种增殖富集相比,原系统通过菌种活性增强的方式脱氮性能恢复更快.     

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.