Detection and Molecular Characterization of Human Noroviruses in Korean Groundwater Between 2008 and 2010

RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for genotyping and molecular characterization of noroviruses isolated from Korean groundwater. Among 160 samples collected from 80 sites between 2008 and 2010, 14 samples (8.7?%) from 12 sites were positive for noroviruses (NoVs). The percentages of NoV-positive samples in 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 22.2, 3.2, and 0?%, respectively, representing a yearly decrease. GII-positive samples (n?=?9, 5.6?%) outnumbered GI-positive samples (n?=?5, 3.1?%). The genotypes of the GI NoVs were GI.2, GI.5, and GI.6, and the genotypes of the GII NoVs were all GII.4. One sample, HM623465, was very similar to CUK-3 and CBNU2 and two GII.4 sequences isolated from the stool of Korean gastroenteritis patients. A BLASTN search revealed several nucleotide sequences highly similar to those of NoVs isolated in this study. The original isolation sources for these similar NoVs were mostly stool (n?=?731, 80.0?%) and groundwater (n?=?135, 14.8?%), and all the countries from which they were isolated were almost in Asia (96.0?%); specifically, China (n?=?192, 21.0?%), Japan (n?=?383, 41.9?%), Korea (n?=?296, 32.4?%), and other Asian countries (n?=?6, 0.7?%). These results suggest that Korean groundwater might be contaminated with NoVs from the stool of infected patients and that these NoVs in turn cause new cases of gastroenteritis through a typical fecal-oral route with region-specific circulation. Therefore, it is important to properly treat sewage, which may include waterborne viruses and manage point sources in groundwater for national health and sanitation. In addition, continuous molecular surveillance remains important for understanding circulating NoVs.     

超市塑料袋使用行为的环境实验研究

塑料购物袋一直是社会关注的热点环境问题。文章以上海某超市为对象,采用现场观察实验方法记录了5 086份超市顾客塑料袋使用行为的样本,初步揭示了超市塑料袋使用情况和塑料袋使用的顾客行为特征,尝试为超市塑料袋的环境管理政策提供基础性的科学依据。结果表明:(1)超市中主要有3种塑料袋使用方式,依次为购买塑料袋、自带购物袋、使用免费手撕袋,其比例为15%、29%、9%,说明目前塑料袋使用行为具有一定的多样性;(2)影响顾客购买塑料袋的因素为是否有会员卡、是否徒手购物、购物金额,其偏相关系数依次为0.114、0.085、0.042。占总样本63.4%的单人购物情境中,购买塑料袋的影响因素为是否徒手购物、是否有会员卡、年龄、购物金额、性别,偏相关系数依次为0.849、0.486、0.329、0.291、0.180;说明影响塑料袋使用的因素具有综合性和复杂性。(3)顾客购物金额、购物件数、结账时间与塑料袋购买比例有密切的正相关关系;(4)按照购买塑料袋的倾向程度,可将顾客分为高、中、低3类特征群体。其中,购买倾向最高的顾客特征为无会员卡的男性中青年、非徒手购物,购物金额较高。文章研究为解决环境管理问题提供了一种基于现场观察实验方法的案例参考,建议将定量、可重复、可检验、以现场观察记录主的实验方法应用于各类环境问题研究和解决方案中,为环境管理提供更扎实的科学依据。     

江苏里下河腹部地区农村水污染防治的问题和对策

为策应江苏省生态建设和农村环境质量的改善,及早实现环境保护参与农村农业社会经济发展综合决策和提升环保管理水平的目标,本文着重对江苏里下河腹部地区水环境状况进行了调查与分析,揭示出乡镇企业、农业面源、水产畜禽养殖、生活污水和废弃污染物排放,造成水环境污染以及对社会、经济、环境建设与发展的影响,有较强的真实性、针对性和代表性。首次研究了改善江苏里下河腹部地区农村水污染防治的对策和措施,不仅为里下河地区＂十二五＂期间水环境污染防治与管理提供依据还为江苏省乃至全国低洼水域的农村污染物控制和管理起到启示。     

Smooth surface fabrication in mask projection based stereolithography

The surface finish is critical for applications such as optics, micro-fluid flow and mechanical assembly, in which optical lenses, fluidic channels and rotating components are all required to be smooth. However, the stair-stepping effect is well known in the layer-based additive manufacturing processes, in which a three-dimensional model is approximated by a set of two-dimensional layers. Consequently the fabricated surfaces have poor surface finishes especially those that are close to the horizontal plane. In this paper, a novel approach for achieving improved surface finish is presented for the mask-image-projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) process. Theoretical models and parameter characterization are presented for the developed methods. Accordingly, the process planning and calibration approaches for fabricating smooth up-facing surfaces in the MIP-SL process have been developed. Multiple test cases based on various types of curved surfaces have been performed. A comparison of the build results based on the traditional and the newly developed approaches illustrates the effectiveness of our method.     

内循环活性炭生物流化床处理农药生产废水的试验研究

采用内循环活性炭生物流化床反应器处理某农药厂生产废水,通过试验研究了该反应器在室温条件下处理农药生产废水的性能.结果表明:当进水pH值控制在7.0～7.5、水力停留时间为6h、曝气量控制在使活性炭处于流化状态时,CODcr的去除率为50％,总氮的去除率为32.33％,同时可生化性明显提高,生物毒性有所降低.     

崇明东滩夏季沉积物厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构与空间分布特征

为探索长江口崇明东滩表层沉积物中是否存在厌氧氨氧化菌以及厌氧氨氧化菌的群落结构与空间分布特征,以崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩夏季表层沉积物中总DNA为模板,PCR扩增沉积物样品中厌氧氨氧化菌特异性16S rDNA片段,通过克隆、测序,构建相应基因文库,将文库中有效克隆序列分别提交到GenBank中进行相似序列搜索,并利用MEGA5绘制系统发育树.分析结果发现,克隆序列CM-L-7和CM-L-18与已发现厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus"Scalindua sp."同源性达98%,CM-L-13与Candidatus"Scalindua wagneri"同源性达94%,CM-M-6与Candidatus"Kuenenia sp."同源性达94%,CM-M-22与Anaerobicammonium-oxidizing planctomycete JMK-1的同源性达95%,CM-H-15与Candidatus"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"的同源性达94%.表明,崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物中均存在厌氧氨氧化菌,但所属菌属不同,低潮滩以Candidatus"Scalindua"为主,中、高潮滩以Candidatus"Kuenenia"为主.相比之下,中潮滩厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构较为复杂.部分克隆序列与已发现厌氧氨氧化菌存在较大进化距离,表明崇明东滩可能还存在其他具有潜在厌氧氨氧化功能的细菌.     

羟基磷灰石对Cd污染土壤中马铃薯生长及品质的影响

通过温室盆栽实验研究了施用羟基磷灰石改良Cd污染土壤对马铃薯生长及品质的影响.实验设置了3个Cd污染水平(0、5、10 mg.kg-1)、6个羟基磷灰石施用量(0、4、8、10、16、30 g.kg-1)和2个马铃薯品种(中薯3号、大西洋).结果表明,土壤Cd污染导致马铃薯单株产量下降(5 mg.kg-1的Cd污染土壤中降低24%～31%,10 mg.kg-1的Cd污染土壤中降低41%～45%),但是施用羟基磷灰石可以提高单株产量.相对于不施用羟基磷灰石,5 mg.kg-1的Cd污染土壤中施用10 g.kg-1的羟基磷灰石可以增产17%～39%,10 mg.kg-1的Cd污染土壤中施用30 g.kg-1的羟基磷灰石可以增产45%～58%.由于羟基磷灰石改善了Cd污染土壤环境,因此马铃薯器官中叶绿素含量和SOD活性明显上升,而MDA含量明显下降.施用羟基磷灰石也提高了马铃薯品质,马铃薯块茎中维生素C含量、淀粉含量以及蛋白质含量也明显提高.随着羟基磷灰石施用量由0 g.kg-1增加到30 g.kg-1,在5 mg.kg-1的Cd污染土壤中,马铃薯块茎Cd含量由0.87～0.95 mg.kg-1下降到0.13～0.21 mg.kg-1,降幅为78%～85%;在10 mg.kg-1的Cd污染土壤中,块茎Cd含量由1.86～1.93 mg.kg-1下降到0.52～0.65 mg.kg-1,降幅为66%～72%.实验表明,羟基磷灰石缓解土壤Cd毒性的主要机制是提高土壤pH值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量,羟基磷灰石中的Ca阻碍土壤Cd向马铃薯迁移.但是羟基磷灰石对土壤Cd毒性的缓解效应是有限性的,过量施用可能对马铃薯生长和品质产生胁迫作用.在Cd污染土壤中施用适量的羟基磷灰石后中薯3号生长状况和品质好于大西洋,说明不同马铃薯品种对种植环境的改善有不同的响应.     

三阶段温度控制堆肥接种法对有机氮变化规律的影响

利用原生生活垃圾,通过三阶段温度控制技术进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中有机态氮组分的动态变化规律.结果表明,全氮、酸水解有机态氮、氨基酸态氮均在堆肥的前期呈明显的下降趋势,呈较好的相关性.与CK（对照组）处理相比,在堆肥的后期,三阶段温度控制堆肥酸水解有机态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及酸解未知态氮含量呈不同程度的上升趋势,增加幅度依次为：10.67%、16.17%、7.17%、22.44%.表明三阶段温度控制技术能减少堆肥中氮素的损失,堆肥产品施入土壤后,可提高土壤的供氮潜力.     

1950-2009年洞庭湖流域农业水灾演变特征及分异规律

洞庭湖流域为我国重要农业生产区,而农业水灾却一直是制约农业可持续发展的最大障碍因素。以1950-2009年水灾统计资料为依据,用定性与定量相结合的方法,系统分析了该流域农业水灾演变特征及区域分异。结果表明:①年年发生流域性或区域性的农业水灾,其中重灾、特大水灾频率呈增大趋势;②在长时间尺度演变过程中,受灾率异常指数岀现2个波峰期和4个波谷期,成灾率异常指数岀现3个波峰期和3个波谷期,且水灾受灾率与成灾率大体上呈同步变化,但短时间內受灾率与成灾率却呈反向波动;③农业水灾具有突变性,但总体演变呈增加趋势;④受孕灾环境、洪涝致灾因子及经济发展水平组合差异的制约,农业相对灾情与绝对灾情在空间上的分布均呈明显的南北分异与东西分异。     

Predicting the transfer of 137Cs to rice plants by a dynamic compartment model with a consideration of the soil properties

The factors governing chlorine transfer from Phaeozem and Greyzem soils to various important crop species (foodstuff and forage) were determined in natural conditions in the Kiev region of Ukraine. The stable chlorine concentration ratio (CR) values were the lowest in apple (0.5+/-0.3) and strawberry (2+/-1), higher in vegetables (5+/-3), seeds (15+/-7) and reached a maximum in straw (187+/-90). The average CR values of 36Cl were estimated for the most important crops using all experimental data on 36Cl and stable chlorine transfer into plants from various soils. It was experimentally shown that boiling potatoes in water leads to an equilibrium between 36Cl specific content in the water and moisture in the cooked potato. The 36Cl processing factor (PF) for boiling various foodstuffs is equal to the ratio of water mass in the cooked foodstuff to the total water mass (in the food and the decoction). 36Cl PF for cereal flour can be estimated as 1. The 36Cl processing factor for dairy products is equal to the ratio of residual water mass in the product to initial water mass in milk. At a 36Cl specific activity in soil of 1 Bq kg-1, the estimated annual dietary 36Cl intake into human organism (adult man) is about 10 kBq. Sixty to seventy percent of the above amount will be taken in via milk and dairy products, 7-16% via meat, 14-16% via bread and bakery items and 8-12% via vegetables. The highest annual 36Cl intake, 10.7 kBq, is predicted for 1-year-old children. The expected effective doses from annual 36Cl intake are higher for younger age groups, increasing from 0.008 mSv in adults to 0.12 mSv in 1-year-old children.