Distribution characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) from major rivers in Korea

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) levels in crucian carp were determined at 20 locations along four major river systems, several small-scale rivers and a wetland in Korea. Twenty-eight congeners, ranging from tri- to hepta-CBs were detected. A gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector was used to quantify the individual PCB congeners. The objectives of this study were to investigate the levels of contamination of PCBs in freshwater fish and to observe the pattern of their distribution. The sampling locations were chosen among 31 sampling sites that are currently used as environmental residue checkpoints by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Concentrations of individual congeners ranged from not detectable (n.d.) to 0.75 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis. The total concentrations of PCBs at each site ranged from n.d. to 5.41 ng g(-1) of wet weight. The most heavily contaminated site was the Nakdong estuary located near the Shinpyung-Janglim factory district. The PCB 153 and 138 were the principal congeners and penta- and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls comprised the main congener groups.     

Monitoring of iodinated X-ray contrast media in surface water

A monitoring programme was carried out in order to determine iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) in the River Danube and to investigate the raw water quality for drinking water production at Langenau waterworks. The study revealed that the maximum concentrations of ICM (over 500 ng l(-1) for diatrizoic acid and iopamidol) were found in 2h-composite samples taken from the downstream of the Ulm/Neu-Ulm metropolitan area. By means of a concentration profile over one month the highest ICM concentrations were observed on weekdays. The extended data evaluation with principal component analysis shows that the upstream and downstream samples had different pattern of variations in ICM concentration and also demonstrates a clear change in ICM composition by the discharge of municipal wastewater. In addition to load profiles of ICM, time-dependent plots of principal component 1 exhibited peaks, indicating a short-term discharge of ICM between the two sampling sites. In conclusion, a point source for ICM contamination between the sampling sites in Ulm upstream and Leipheim downstream seems to be the reasonable explanation for peak ICM concentrations. Due to the observed high variations of ICM concentrations in river, the evaluation of natural waters by means of a single analysis is not representative.     

Extraction of arsenate and arsenite species from soils and sediments

The primary objective of this study was to develop a simple method that can be used to extract the more readily mobilizable and bioavailable arsenic species from soil and sediment while at the same time minimizing the transformation between (AsIII) and (AsV), the two most commonly found arsenic species in the environment. Several extraction strategies were evaluated using phosphate as extractant in combination with either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl), or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (NaDDC). The addition of EDTA in the phosphate solution did not prevent AsIII from oxidation. While promising results were shown when 1% NH2OH.HCl was added, conversion of AsIII began to occur with extended extraction time (> 12 h). Good results were achieved using 10 mM phosphate and 0.5% NaDDC where AsIII oxidation was clearly minimized. The combined phosphate and NaDDC solution was applied to several soil and sediment samples. AsIII spiked was quantitatively recovered in all soil types tested.     

氢气添加对乙醇/空气预混火焰燃烧特性影响的数值模拟研究

通过对不同混合比率的乙醇/氢气/空气燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究氢气添加量对点火延迟时间、层流燃烧速度、火焰厚度、化学反应滞留时间及组分分布情况的影响。研究发现一定程度上氢气添加量的增加能够缩短混合气体的点火延迟时间,并且氢气对点火延迟时间的影响随着温度的升高而逐渐减小。随着混合比率的增大,层流燃烧速度增大,并且在混合比率大于0.4时显著增大。火焰厚度及化学反应滞留时间随氢气增加而逐渐减小。此外,进一步分析组分分布情况得知氢气添加使火焰中H*、O*、OH*自由基摩尔分数峰值增大,并且H+O+OH摩尔分数峰值与层流燃烧速度存在线性关系。     

飞机发动机舱灭火剂用量试验验证与优化研究

为提升飞机的安全性,飞机防火系统越来越受到重视。航空防火系统中常用灭火剂Halon 1301会破坏臭氧层、造成环境污染,但至今仍未找到理想的替代品。从优化灭火剂的用量着手,以达到降低污染、减轻飞机重量的目的。目前灭火剂的用量没有结合实际仅依靠理论公式进行计算,为优化灭火剂用量,以某型飞机发动机舱防火系统为例,通过模拟真实环境试验验证不同灭火剂用量下的灭火效果。结果表明优化灭火剂用量后依然能充分地保证灭火效果。     

CH_4/N_2/O_2预混气激波火焰结构数值预测

研究激波着火现象，推导激波加热点燃可燃气控制方程组。针对甲烷预混气激波火焰结构进行数值模拟，计算了激波燃烧时的压力、温度、及不同组分随时间的变化历程。其中甲烷燃烧采用美国BERKELEY大学GRI-MECH机理，该反应机理包含177个基元反应，涉及32种组分。程序采用美国SANDIA国家实验室发展的大型化学反应动力学软件包CHEMKIN III中相关的模型、子程序和热力学数据库。计算结果表明激波火焰有其自身的结构特征。     

不同基质人工湿地处理含氨氮地下水过程中氮素形态转化的时空特征

构建火山岩、砾石、沸石、椰壳活性炭、K3悬浮填料和聚氨酯泡沫为基质的6组实验室规模垂直流人工湿地,对比分析各湿地系统对含氨氮地下水的净化效果,同时考察不同基质湿地系统在一个水力停留时间(48 h)内氮素形态转化的时空特征.结果表明:沸石湿地系统对氨氮、T N的去除效果最好,平均去除率分别为97.39％、94.26％,聚...     

西安城区冬季污染天单颗粒气溶胶的化学组分特征及混合状态

本研究利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)于2018年12月6-12 日在西安市开展高时间分辨率的实时在线观测.观测期间颗粒物数浓度和PM2.5质量浓度变化趋势一致,表明颗粒物数浓度可以反映大气污染状况.结合自适应共振神经网络算法和人工分类方法,将颗粒物共分为7类,分别是元素碳颗粒(EC)、有机碳与元素碳混合颗粒(OC...     

基于MIKE 21的长江江山制药排污口水环境影响分析——以江山制药公司污水处理站为例

为分析长江沿岸入河排污口设置对水环境的影响,采用MIKE 21建立了长江马鞍山-高桥段二维非稳态水量水质模型,并以江山制药公司污水处理站为例,对其排污口迁址改建前后的水环境影响进行模拟.结果 表明,较于原排污口排放,拟设排污口在执行新排放标准情况下,对九圩港入江断面水质有改善作用,COD、NH3-N、TP的改善率分别为...