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381.
Daniel Murdiyarso Erna S. Adiningsih 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):101-112
There was a widespread misconception about the causes of vegetation and land fires in Indonesia. At a certain point, the public perceived that fires and the associated haze pollution were primarily caused by smallholders' agricultural activities. In fact, there was a variety of land-use activities including large-scale land clearing following deforestation for further land development. El Niño events and the associated dry weather were sometimes quoted by officials and the media as the cause of fires. The fire episodes from 1980 to 2000 were analysed in connection with climate anomalies and the implementation of land-use policies related to forest conversions. The analysis employs long-term climatic and sea surface temperature data to reconstruct climate distributions and anomalies including Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR). In this study, the terrestrial carbon emissions from vegetation fires were estimated based on official statistical data on area burnt. The possible incentives for sustainable land management were discussed in the light of fire prevention. The underlying cause neglected in the discussion of Indonesian vegetation fires was forest and land development policy. Legitimated in the early 1980s, it drove massive forest conversions and the use of fires for land clearing. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provided dry weather suitable for biomass burning and widespread fire, but it was hardly the cause of fires. The estimate of area burnt in the big fires in 1997 was about 11.6 Mha, resulting in carbon release of 1.45 Gt, equivalent to 0.73 ppmv of CO2, or almost half the annual global atmospheric CO2 growth. Based on the current carbon market price such emissions by the 1997 fire episode were worth around US$ 3.6 billion. 相似文献
382.
当前中国经济快速增长很大程度是以过度消耗资源、牺牲环境为代价的.生态环境污染严重影响经济的可持续发展,生态问题制约着和谐社会的构建.生态建设已成为协调经济、社会和生态发展,走可持续发展的唯一出路.当前由于政府主导型生态建设出现众多问题,诸如生态环境脆弱、压力大,法律法规不完善,生态建设资金投入少、投入渠道单一,生态治理工程效益有待继续提高等等.因此,倡导企业、农民、专家、投资者和志愿组织、社会团体等积极参与到生态建设中来,并建立激励机制对各参与者实施相应的激励措施,使他们充分发挥能动性,更快、更好的进行生态建设. 相似文献
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丁基锡化合物在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附行为研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
将海河河口表层底泥制成悬浮颗粒物(SPM),采用批量平衡法首次研究了模拟河口条件下三丁基锡(TBT)和二丁基锡(DBT)在该SPM上的吸附行为.结果表明,TBT和DBT均能在SPM上发生吸附,尤以TBT更为显著.吸附速率可用Kuo和Lake的经验公式描述;吸附过程受SPM的浓度及TOC含量、pH值、温度、腐殖酸浓度和盐度影响.实际河口水样中的SPM对TBT和DBT的吸附百分率也较高,因此SPM是TBT和DBT归趋的重要场所,去除SPM可使水体得到一定净化. 相似文献
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Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were used to assess a greenhouse gas inventory for land use change and... 相似文献
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The groundwater regime in Upper Palar basin, Tamilnadu has been highly contaminated in several locations due to discharge of effluents from a large number of tanneries. At some places total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in groundwater was found as high as 8000 mg/l. Transmissivity and storativity of the regional aquifer were estimated at a few locations. The porosity and dispersivity values were not determined in the field. These parameters were assumed based on data available for similar geological formations elsewhere. The aquifer conceptualization thus arrived at formed the basis of a numerical groundwater flow model which was constructed using the finite difference method. The flow model was calibrated for steady state and then for transient condition for the period of 1984-92. The computed heads and calibrated parameters of the flow model were used to compute groundwater velocities. The migration of contaminants for a 20 year period was computed using the hydraulic heads and effective porosity value in a pathline model using FLOWPATH software. Mass transport model was constructed using Method of Characteristics (MOC) computer code in a separate model. The seepage rate of effluent is assumed at a rate of 30% of that discharged on the surface. The mass concentration of solute in the effluent reaching the water table was assumed as 40%, the same as in the surface effluent. The mass transport model was calibrated for a 20 year period. Prediction of contaminant migration from different clusters in the basin was analyzed. The prediction results indicated elevated TDS concentration of more than 4000 mg/l from most clusters. Also the area of the contaminated zone is likely to double in 20 years from contaminated zone of 1992. 相似文献
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