可张孔曝气器曝气能耗试验研究

通过试验研究，总结出可张孔曝气阻力损失的影响因素，以优化产品的结构设计参数，降低产品在工程应用中的能耗，获取更好的经济效益。     

灰色协调度模型在产业用水系统分析中的应用

揭示产业用水系统的时空动态发展规律，探讨其内部的协调关系，是开展节水型社会建设规划，实现水资源可持续利用的关键。然而，目前对产业用水系统的协调性分析还缺乏较为有效的理论和方法。以往在利用协调度模型进行用水系统有序度研究时，通常采用两段叙述的线性分段函数表示，较不适用于描述产业用水系统内部要素的非线性结构。因此，针对产业用水系统的特性，利用灰关联原理建立有序度函数，以建立更适于用水系统分析的灰色协调度模型。利用该模型对上海市1997~2005年产业用水系统进行实证研究，结果显示：上海市产业用水系统基本有序，发展比较协调，其用水综合效益较大，但距离最优状态尚有潜力可挖；其中，农业用水子系统的发展较为欠缺，在未来用水规划中应予以重视。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法在环境监测中的应用

针对ICP-MS技术的使用特点及其近年来在环境监测领域的应用进行综合阐述，并对ICP-MS技术的发展前景作出简单的评述。     

Evolution and reconstruction of settlement space in tourist islands: a case study of Dachangshan Island,Changhai County

Environment, Development and Sustainability - This study analyzes the evolution of the land use structure, demographic reconstruction, and social reconstruction of Dachangshan Island, Changhai...     

中国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放时空分布特征

基于我国2000~2017年食用菌年产量数据,采用排放因子法估算了菌糠露天焚烧的污染物排放量,利用Mann-Kendall法和聚类分析法分析了排放量的时空分布特征,使用回归分析法预测了污染物的排放趋势.结果表明：（1）2000~2017年全国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放量持续上升,PM_2.5、CO₂、CO、CH₄、NMVOCs、PAHs、NO_x、SO₂累积排放量分别为1.40×10⁶,3.48×10⁸,1.99×10⁷,8.43×10⁵,2.08×10⁶,3.00×10⁴,6.34×10⁵,8.29×10⁴t;（2）污染物排放量较高的省区包括山东、黑龙江、浙江、湖南、江苏、福建和河南,排放量较低的省区包括贵州、宁夏、天津、北京、新疆、重庆、甘肃;（3）预计2021年菌糠焚烧污染物总排放量高达4.25×10⁷t,其对生物质焚烧污染物总排放量的贡献率约为19.82%.我国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放规模较大,应予以重点关注.     

岩溶地下河污染物运移模型对比研究

两区模型（TRM）和暂时存储模型（TSM）为两种常用的岩溶地下河（管道）污染物运移模型,为了更好表征岩溶地下河污染物运移过程,开展模型对比研究.采用两种模型拟合室内管道示踪实验穿透曲线,从概念模型框架、模型优缺点、参数校正过程和物理意义、参数敏感性等方面对比分析两种模型的异同.结果表明,OTIS软件提供TSM的数值解,而CXTFIT软件提供TRM的解析解,但两者均能通过下游不同位置的穿透曲线分段表征地下河不同阶段的污染物运移过程.两种模型的物理意义相近,均可近似描述岩溶地下河中溶质的暂时性存储现象,较好地拟合溶质运移曲线.采用TSM可校正得到暂时存储区的横截面积,但采用TRM只能获得非流动区所占的比例.两种模型中弥散系数和传质/交换系数的敏感度较低,并且弥散系数的变化对穿透曲线拖尾无显著影响.研究结果为岩溶地下河污染物运移模型的选取与应用提供了依据.     

UV/H2O2 oxidation of tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate: Intermediate products, degradation pathway and toxicity evaluation

Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) with the initial concentration of 5 mg/L was degraded by UV/H₂O₂ oxidation process. The removal rate of TCEP in the UV/H₂O₂ system was 89.1% with the production of Cl^? and PO₄^3? of 0.23 and 0.64 mg/L. The removal rate of total organic carbon of the reaction was 48.8% and the pH reached 3.3 after the reaction. The oxidative degradation process of TCEP in the UV/H₂O₂ system obeyed the first order kinetic reaction with the apparent rate constant of 0.0025 min^?1 (R²=0.9788). The intermediate products were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The addition reaction of HO? and H₂O and the oxidation reaction with H₂O₂ were found during the degradation pathway of 5 mg/L TCEP in the UV/H₂O₂ system. For the first time, environment risk was estimated via the “ecological structure activity relationships” program and acute and chronic toxicity changes of intermediate products were pointed out. The luminescence inhibition rate of photobacterium was used to evaluate the acute toxicity of intermediate products. The results showed that the toxicity of the intermediate products increased with the increase of reaction time, which may be due to the production of chlorine compounds. Some measures should be introduced to the UV/H₂O₂ system to remove the highly toxic Cl-containing compounds, such as a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis unit.     

Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

长沙市近郊莲花镇土壤重金属生态风险评价

选择长沙市近郊的莲花镇作为研究对象,采集了镇域范围内54个土壤样品,运用综合的生态风险评价方法对Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr 5种土壤重金属元素污染程度及对人体的健康危害程度进行评价。结果表明:1)5种重金属元素的污染程度排序为Cd > Hg > Pb > As > Cr,Cd呈现重度污染;Cd和Pb空间变异显著,其来源受人为干扰程度高。2)5种重金属元素的潜在生态危害排序为Cd > Hg > As > Pb > Cr,Cd和Hg处于强生态危害程度,是研究区域土壤重金属污染的主要因子;研究区域综合潜在生态风险达到强生态危害等级。3)"手-口"摄入是土壤重金属暴露的主要途径,儿童的非致癌暴露剂量远大于成人。5种重金属对儿童和成人所产生的非致癌风险商和非致癌风险指数均<1,不存在非致癌健康风险。4)Cr的致癌风险指数>10-4,具有极高的致癌风险;Cd和As的致癌风险指数为10-6~10-4,处于可以接受的风险范围。Cr、As的污染有不断加剧的趋势,成为影响人体健康的主要因子,应引起关注。     

大气压纳秒负脉冲放电对水中大肠杆菌的灭活

采用自行研制的喷嘴-板-筒式反应器,研究了大气压纳秒负脉冲空气放电对水中大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli, E.coli）灭菌率的影响因素及规律。实验中空气自放电喷嘴电极进入反应器,气流带动放电生成的活性粒子流到达并作用于水中大肠杆菌。研究结果表明:本实验装置可有效实现对水中大肠杆菌的灭活,灭菌率随着放电电压和脉冲重复频率的增加、放电处理时间的延长而升高;随着鼓气速率的增大先增大后减小;随着喷嘴电极直径的增加先减小后增大。当采用1.30 mm喷嘴电极,在脉冲峰值电压为-32 kV、重复频率80 Hz,鼓气速率为80 mL/min时,连续放电处理12 min,灭菌率达到91%。