中国石化化工行业二氧化碳排放达峰路径研究

石化化工行业是高耗能高排放行业之一,约占工业部门碳排放比例的10%,研究石化化工行业碳排放达峰路径不仅能推动工业部门尽早实现达峰,同时也为石化化工行业加快绿色低碳转型指明方向. 基于中国统计年鉴、行业协会、企业碳核查等多来源数据,在分析历史排放趋势的基础上,识别能源集中度高的重点行业和产品,采用情景分析法针对石油和天然气开采业、石油煤炭及其他燃料加工业、化学原料及化学制品制造业三大子行业中的炼油、乙烯、丙烯、对二甲苯和合成氨等重点产品,预测其基准情景和控排情景下的重点产品产量和碳排放强度,以及石化化工行业2021—2035年二氧化碳排放趋势. 石化化工行业在基准情景下排放量无法实现2030年前达峰,控排情景下将于2030年达峰,峰值为17.3×108 t. 通过能源结构调整、节能和低碳技术改造、低碳循环及高效利用等途径可以实现行业减排,与BAU(仅考虑石化产品产量变化,不考虑产品结构、单位产品能耗变化)情景相比,减排贡献最大的路径是化石能源利用清洁化改造,2030年相对BAU减排1.19×108 t,贡献率约44%;其次是加大节能和低碳技术改造力度和资源循环及高效利用,减排量分别为0.8×108和0.6×108 t,减排贡献率分别达到29%和22%.      

重点行业/领域碳达峰路径研究方法

区域化石能源消费量与碳排放量往往集中于少数高能耗、高排放的重点行业和领域. 重点行业/领域的产业规模、能源结构和碳排放变化直接决定区域碳排放达峰时间、达峰质量和峰值大小. 研究重点行业/领域碳达峰路径,是实现碳排放分区管控、落实行业减排责任和推动区域碳排放总量达峰的重要基础. 本研究构建了一种重点行业/领域碳达峰路径研究方法,涵盖宏观目标约束、边界和范围确定、宏观需求预测、行业关联耦合四大模块. 该方法提供了在区域经济社会发展和碳达峰目标双约束下,不同行业/领域碳排放达峰的路径优化选择. 在充分考虑国民经济社会发展需求、行业发展技术特点、国内外进出口变化的基础上,宏观预测重点行业/领域发展规模与需求变化,同时结合以技术为核心的MESSAGE模型建立动态反馈机制,分析产业链上下游供需关系,建立行业内、行业间能量流、物质流耦合关系,通过不断迭代优化确立各行业/领域未来发展需求,并建立不同发展情景,综合研判各情景提出重点行业/领域碳达峰目标与路径. 该方法满足国家、省份、城市等不同区域尺度的重点行业/领域碳排放路径分析与减排措施、成本效益、政策保障评估.      

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫系统处理废稀硫酸

采用石灰石-石膏法脱硫装置处理废稀硫酸.研究了石灰石浆液和废稀硫酸的不同投加顺序以及不同反应晶种(石膏浆液、石膏稀浆液)对所得石膏晶粒形态和抽滤物含水率的影响.试验结果表明:与废稀硫酸加入石灰石浆液的方式相比,石灰石浆液加入废稀硫酸的方式更利于石膏结晶,晶粒更大,所得石膏抽滤物含水率更低;以石膏浆液和石膏稀浆液作为反应...     

我国区域性污水海洋处置度分区规划研究

本文对我国沿海地区不同海域的不同环境容量和不同的污水海洋处置条件，进行了详细的对比分析，建立了“可处置度”概念，并运用经典地学区划理论，尝试性地提出沿海可处置度分区设想，对我国今后污水海洋处置工程建设发展的地域、规模、控制办法提出了客观的合理建议，这对我国沿海城市正在进行的污水海洋处置工程建设的宏观规划与管理有着重要的参考价值。     

厌氧流化床反应器微生物固定化载体筛选的研究

论述了在厌氧化床反应器中用包络法固定微生物的高分子载体筛选研究的情况。通过静态试验的对比，筛选出了微生物固定化效果好、产甲烷性能优良的聚丙烯酸酯类多孔高分子载体ＷＡＲ－８。用ＡＦＢ反应器进行合成葡萄糖废水的中温厌氧消化试验，达到了较高的处理性能指标。     

工业锅炉的NOx污染及防治

文章论述了工业锅炉排放的NOx有害气体的污染危害，并详列了污染防治控制措施。     

Characterization of carbonaceous species of ambient PM2.5 in Beijing, China

One-week integrated fine particulate matter (i.e., particles <2.5 microm in diameter; PM2.5) samples were collected continuously with a low-flow rate sampler at a downtown site (Chegongzhuang) and a residential site (Tsinghua University) in Beijing between July 1999 and June 2000. The annual average concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) at the urban site were 23.9 and 8.8 microg m(-3), much higher than those in some cities with serious air pollution. Similar weekly variations of OC and EC concentrations were found for the two sampling sites with higher concentrations in the winter and autumn. The highest weekly variations of OC and EC occurred in the winter, suggesting that combustion sources for space heating were important contributors to carbonaceous particles, along with a significant impact from variable meteorological conditions. High emissions coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions led to the max weekly carbonaceous concentration the week of November 18-25, 1999. The weekly mass ratios of OC:EC ranged between 2 and 4 for most samples and averaged 2.9, probably suggesting that secondary OC (SOC) is present most weeks. The range of contemporary carbon fraction, based on the C14 analyses of eight samples collected in 2001, is 0.330-0.479. Estimated SOC accounted for approximately 38% of the total OC at the two sites. Average OC and EC concentrations at Tsinghua University were 25% and 18%, respectively, higher than those at Chegongzhuang, which could be attributed to different local emissions of primary carbonaceous particles and gaseous precursors of SOC, as well as different summer photochemical intensities between the two locations.     

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing, China

Carbonaceous aerosols and PM10 were monitored from September 8 to November 30, 2002, in a semi-urban site (Tsinghua University) in Beijing. Daily concentrations of OC and EC ranged from 7.1 to 65.9 microgCm(-3) and from 1.3 to 26.1 microgCm(-3), with the overall average concentrations of 21.2 microgCm(-3) and 7.3 microgCm(-3), respectively. The diurnal variation of carbonaceous concentrations on 2 h basis presented two-peak trend, which was attributed to the cooperative effect of local meteorological conditions and anthropogenic sources such as traffic exhaust and human outdoor activities. Daily average OC/EC ratio varied between 1.5 and 5.3 with an average of 3.0. Strong correlation between OC and EC (R2=0.8) indicated that their main sources were common. The frequency of OC/EC ratio presented Gaussian normal distribution trend in fall, of which the peak value appeared in the range of 2.8-5. In winter, it presented bi-peak mode, with the first peak near 1.4-1.6, and the second between 2.8 and 5. The high value (2.8-5) implied the SOC formation in both seasons, and the low one probably suggested the primary OC/EC ratio from coal burning in winter. Averagely, PM10 and carbonaceous species exhibited higher concentrations in Wednesday than in other weekdays, which could be ascribed to the low wind speed (1.6 ms(-1)) and high humidity (62.9%). OC was the abundant component accounting for 76% of TC. OC and EC contributed 15% and 5% to PM10, respectively. The estimation on a minimum OC/EC ratio (1.5) basis showed that SOC accounted more than 50% for the total organic carbon. Even in winter, the SOC contribution to OC was also significant, as high as 40%.     

内质网应激和氧化应激通路对DINP诱发Allergic March的介导作用

为了研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（diisononyl phthalate,DINP）致Allergic March的作用机制,以雄性BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为5组,包括空白对照组（生理盐水）、20 mg·kg^-1 DINP组、OVA组、20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA组和4-苯基丁酸（4-PBA）拮抗组（20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA+4-PBA）,染毒周期为47 d.以肺组织匀浆测定活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）、还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）.采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清中总免疫球蛋白E（T-IgE）、OVA特异性免疫球蛋白E（OVA-IgE）和白细胞介素-33（IL-33）评价机体的炎症因子,并同时观察肺组织的病理变化结果.与生理盐水组比较,OVA组的肺功能、Th2免疫系统功能亢进的分子、氧化应激指标和肺组织病理学损伤都有所加重.与OVA组比较,20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA组的肺功能、Th2免疫系统功能亢进的分子、氧化应激指标和肺组织病理学损伤同样也有所加重.而4-PBA拮抗组（20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA+4-PBA）与20 mg·kg^-1 DINP+OVA组相比较,其各项指标都有了明显的减轻.实验结果表明,20 mg·kg^-1的DINP能加重小鼠的Allergic March,内质网应激拮抗剂4-PBA可使Allergic March症状减轻,对小鼠肺组织起保护作用,说明内质网应激通路可能通过调节氧化应激介导了DINP所致的Allergic March.     

胶州湾内外沉积物岩芯中多氯萘的分布特征研究

利用13 C同位素稀释-高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱法测定了胶州湾内、外沉积物岩芯中多氯萘(PCNs)异构体的含量,对其同系物分布、可能来源、沉积通量及毒性当量进行了初步探讨,并研究了由各类来源PCNs进入到胶州湾的历史沉积趋势.结果表明,胶州湾内、外沉积物岩芯中∑PCNs含量范围分别为3.9～56.4 Pg·g-1...