温度和盐度分层流的二维应力-通量代数湍流模型

以Navier Stokes方程和应力 通量代数湍流模型为基础,建立了温度和盐度分层流的应力 通量代数模型,模型不仅在控制方程中计及密度变化,而且在应力和通量的代数关系中含有浮力项,从而自动地计及浮力对紊动的影响.另外紊动平均量控制方程中的紊动项是由应力 通量模型计算,较好地体现了湍流各向异性的特征.为验证模型的正确性,对同时存在温度和盐度梯度的密度分层流进行了数值模拟计算,结果正确地反映了分层及紊动各向异性的特征,与实测结果吻合较好.     

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of diphenylarsenicals in two contrasting soils

Diphenylarsinic acid(DPAA) is formed during the leakage of aromatic arsenic chemical weapons in soils,is persistent in nature,and results in arsenic contamination in the field.The adsorption and desorption characteristics of DPAA were investigated in two typical Chinese soils,an Acrisol(a variable-charge soil) and a Phaeozem(a constant-charge soil).Their thermodynamics and some of the factors influencing them(i.e.,initial pH value,ionic strength and phosphate) were also evaluated using the batch method in order to understand the environmental fate of DPAA in soils.The results indicate that Acrisol had a stronger adsorption capacity for DPAA than Phaeozem.Soil DPAA adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process and the amount of DPAA adsorbed was affected significantly by variation in soil pH and phosphate.In contrast,soil organic matter and ionic strength had no significant effect on adsorption.This suggests that DPAA adsorption may be due to specific adsorption on soil mineral surfaces.Therefore,monitoring the fate of DPAA in soils is recommended in areas contaminated by leakage from chemical weapons.     

双功能陶瓷膜生物反应器处理废水的研究

研制了一种具有抽滤和曝气双重功能的陶瓷膜生物反应器并用于处理废水.比较了废水经陶瓷膜抽滤后的出水浊度和自然沉降后的浊度,经过陶瓷膜过滤后的出水浊度达到自然沉降4～24h的效果.在处理废水的过程中,进行曝气/抽滤的切换,可有效地解决膜的堵塞问题.分别进行了间歇和连续的方法处理废水的试验,其COD负荷分别达到1.1kg/(m³·d)和1.5kg/(m³·d).     

作为厌氧发酵原料的水分选有机垃圾特性分析

对水分选有机垃圾（WSOFMSW）的固体有机部分（SOF）和气浮污泥部分（AFS）进行采样,分析它们的成分及生化特性,并在此基础上进行小试规模（30L）的厌氧发酵产甲烷实验.结果表明：SOF的惰性部分为18%,可降解部分（挥发性固体）为72%,其中,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪分别为40.4%、21.8%和9.8%;AFS的惰性部分为2%,可降解部分为82.4%,其中,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪分别为53.5%、19.2%和9.7%.SOF的金属含量比AFS高,主要金属元素为Ca、Fe、Al、K、Na和Mg.在重金属中,Zn、Mn、Ni、Hg和Cr的含量超过堆肥产品的限制值.WSOFMSW在标准温度和压力（0 ℃ 和1.013×105 Pa ,文中以STP表示）下的理论产甲烷能力为484 m3 ·t-1(以VS计),实验甲烷产率为273 m3 ·t-1,中试甲烷产率为245 m3 ·t-1,每吨湿WSOFMSW产甲烷32 m3.水分选有机垃圾在厌氧消化过程中不会发生重金属、挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮抑制,但是厌氧消化启动时间较长,需要20 d.     

固定化梭形气芽孢杆菌在降解废水时微观形态的观察和比较

针对含有油墨的废水,筛选到1株微生物菌种,经鉴定为梭形气芽孢杆菌(Aerobacillus fusiformis).分别用海藻酸钙,聚乙烯醇(PVA)和多孔陶瓷作为载体固定化梭形气芽孢杆菌,比较其在处理油墨废水时微观形态的变化情况.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对固定化梭形气芽孢杆菌的微观形态进行观察,发现海藻酸钙在处理含油墨废水时容易溶解,用PVA作为载体时,由于细胞被包埋在PVA内部,和底物的接触时扩散阻力较大,因而废水中COD的去除效率较低.而用多孔陶瓷固定化细胞,不仅简便易行,固定牢固,而且对废水COD的去除效果也较好.     

Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.     

浅析固体废物污染环境防治原则之变化

2020年4月29日,第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议表决通过了新修订的《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》（以下简称《固废法》）。此次修订,进一步巩固并完善了固体废物污染环境防治的基本原则。笔者从法律原则自身的变化和指导法律制度设计2个层面,对几项原则进行深入分析：在减量化、资源化和无害化原则方面,强化固体废物污染防治减量化和资源化的约束性规定同时,突出无害化底线要求;在污染担责原则方面,进一步明确"污染者"内涵和其应承担的责任;在生产者责任延伸原则方面,明确了电器电子、铅蓄电池、车用动力电池等产品实施生产者责任延伸制度的法律地位;在全过程管理原则方面,强化了对工业固废、建筑垃圾等固体废物的全过程监管及信息化监控的要求。还介绍了固体废物污染环境防治原则在发达国家和地区的立法情况,以及在中国的实践情况。     

柠檬酸对污染棕壤中镉的去除优化及结合形态影响

针对农田土壤重金属污染,研究了有机酸对土壤中镉的去除条件优化及结合形态的影响,旨在发展一种环境友好、可原位且永久去除土壤中镉（Cd）的淋溶暗排联合净化方法.采用环境友好型淋溶剂柠檬酸,通过批试验确定淋溶最佳参数（柠檬酸浓度、固液比、淋溶次数、淋溶时间和淋溶方式）.同时,将自行设计的淋溶瓶和淋溶暗排箱用于批试验最优化参数验证和原位土壤中Cd清除模拟,用CaO絮凝法除去收集暗排废液中的Cd,并通过BCR连续提取法评估土壤中Cd的迁移性和有效性.结果表明,通过柠檬酸的连续分批浸提,使用0.30 mol·L^-1柠檬酸以1 g∶1.5 mL的固液比连续3次、6 h振荡浸提对土壤中总Cd的淋溶去除率可达81.3%.通过淋溶暗排箱试验,经柠檬酸-水梯度淋溶可有效去除78.0%的Cd,暗排液经CaO絮凝可去除95.6%的Cd;柠檬酸对弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及残渣态Cd的淋溶去除率分别为83.0%、70.3%、43.9%和25.0%.研究表明,采用淋溶暗排和CaO絮凝的联合方法可快速去除污染农田土壤中的Cd并避免暗排液二次污染.后续研究需进一步扩大试验规模并开展野外验证试验.     

Spatial distribution of PAHs in a contaminated valley in Southeast China

A survey was conducted on the accumulation and spatial distribution of PAHs in surface soils under different land use patterns in a valley in the Yangtze Delta region with an area of 10 km² containing 15 small copper- and zinc-smelting furnaces. Sixty-five topsoil (0–20 cm) samples were collected and 16 PAHs were determined. The average amount of all the 16 PAHs ranged from 0 to 530 μg kg⁻¹ (oven dry basis), with a mean concentration of 33.2 μg kg⁻¹. Benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1, 2, 3, -cd]pyrene were the two main PAHs present at high concentrations, while pyrene and fluorene had very low concentrations. PAH concentrations were higher in uncultivated than in cultivated soils, and areas of woods and shrubbery had the␣lowest soil PAH contents. The average PAH-homologue concentrations ranked as follows: 5-rings >> 3-rings, 4-rings > 6-rings >2-rings. Much higher concentrations of PAHs were found in the southern part of the sampling area, perhaps due to deposition of airborne particles by the southeasterly winds in winter and spring. We conclude that the small smelting furnaces were the dominant source of PAHs that accumulated in the soils and the southeasterly winds led to the spatial distribution of PAHs in the topsoils. Land vegetation cover and soil utilization patterns also affected the accumulation and distribution of soil PAHs.     

Exposure of the urban population to mercury in Changchun city, Northeast China

An assessment of exposure to mercury in Changchun city has been undertaken. We estimated Hg exposure to members of the general population based on currently available information and our research. We also studied the Hg concentrations in scalp hair of adults. Adults have an estimated intake of all Hg species via all routes of 6.780 μg day⁻¹ (excluding dental amalgam), which equates to an absorbed dose of 1.718 μg day⁻¹. Fish consumption was the most important exposure route (12% of intake, 43% of absorbed dose). Furthermore, air, cereals and vegetables were important exposure routes, and these exposure were estimated for absorbed dosed at 0.296, 0.209 and 0.318 μg day⁻¹, respectively. The mean Hg concentration in hair was 0.448 μg g⁻¹ (range 0.092–10.463 μg g⁻¹). Hg concentration in the hair of males was 0.422 μg g⁻¹ (0.105–2.665 μg g⁻¹), and was 0.474 μg g⁻¹(0.092–10.463 μg g⁻1) in the hair of females. Neither place of residence nor age had any significant effect on hair Hg concentrations.