运用LCA方法分析污水再生处理的成本效益

运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以西安市北石桥污水净化中心的污水处理与再生利用全过程为例进行环境影响评价,通过清单分析、当量计算和权重分析等一系列分析过程,计算出污水处理过程的投入成本及污水再生处理前后对环境的影响,得出污水在经过处理后,能够很大程度上减小其对环境的影响,从而产生环境正效益。该研究明确了污水处理在环境保护中的重要地位,同时对优化污水处理与再生利用工艺过程具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

Framing the Long-Term <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Liability Issue for Geologic Carbon Storage in the United States

This paper examines how legal standards of liability may apply to geologic carbon storage. The liability regime governing geologic carbon storage will shape the technology's cost-effectiveness and overall attractiveness. We classify potential sources of liability into operational, in situ, and climate liability. As a first step, we explore in situ liability in the United States. After summarizing legal standards of liability including negligence, breach of implied warranty, strict liability, and product liability, we discuss how liability may be addressed at the level of the federal government, state government, industry, and the firm. Finally, we address the implications of judicial treatment of liability for carbon storage, including the apportionment of liability and the adequacy of current regulations.     

土壤溶液中镉的化学形态及化学平衡研究

据土壤溶液的实际情况建立简便的平衡模式,研究了红壤、黄棕壤、黄潮土三种典型土壤溶液中Cd的化学形态和化学平衡.结果表明,溶液中Cd的主要形态为Cd~(2+)、CdCl~+和CdSO_4~6.黄潮土还有一定量的CdHCO_3~+,其它形态Cd很少,其中游离Cd~(2+)占绝大部分.红壤最高,黄棕壤次之.红壤施石灰后游离Cd~(2+)下降,CdSO_4~6增加;添加氯化物后,溶液pH下降,大量Cd进入溶液中,CdCl~+比例明显升高.溶液中Cd的形态分布与土壤Cd的生物有效性有一定关系.此外,溶解度图证明,供试土壤中不可能有Cd的矿物生成.Cd在固液相间的平衡受吸附解吸反应控制.     

绿狐尾藻分解及其氮磷释放特征

湿地植物分解释放的有机物、氮和磷等会影响人工湿地对水体污染物的去除效率和出水水质.本研究采用尼龙分解袋法研究绿狐尾藻在水中的分解过程及氮磷释放特征.连续60 d的室内分解实验结果表明,前期(0～4 d)绿狐尾藻干物质质量损失速率快,占初始质量的30%,中后期(4～60 d)损失速率减慢,占31%.拟合的一级动力学分解速率常数为0. 014 2d-1,降解50%的干物质需48. 8 d.水体p H值变化情况:0～4 d从7. 60迅速下降到5. 63;中期趋于稳定;后期p H值回升到7. 03,与空白对照值接近.绿狐尾藻分解实验系统中溶解氧浓度从6. 30 mg·L~(-1)在1 d内快速下降到0. 61 mg·L~(-1),表明该系统一直处于厌氧状态.水中总氮浓度0～2 h迅速增加达到12. 7 mg·L~(-1),2 h～32 d逐渐降低到5. 80 mg·L~(-1),后期略有增加;总磷浓度初期快速升高到18. 4 mg·L~(-1),中后期趋于稳定.有机氮(占总氮65. 7%～94. 7%)和无机磷(占总磷61%～89%)是主要的氮磷存在形态.绿狐尾藻体内总氮含量随分解时间逐渐增加,从24. 3 mg·g~(-1)上升到60. 5 mg·g~(-1);而总磷含量从6. 09 mg·g~(-1)下降到2. 94 mg·g~(-1)后波动稳定,这可能与附着微生物对氮的吸收和固定等因素有关.本研究证实绿狐尾藻分解过程释放的氮磷营养元素会引起水体二次污染,为此采用合理的植物收割管理措施非常必要.     

密封消解法测定高氯离子含盐废水COD_(Cr)的探讨

针对国标重铬酸钾法测定高氯离子含盐废水CODCr时的不足,提出用密封消解法来测定高盐废水CODCr的观点,通过丁酮氧化率、氯离子干扰、混配水样和实际水样测定结果的比较,对国标法和密封消解法进行了验证。试验结果表明:在测定高氯离子含盐废水CODCr值时,密封消解法优于重铬酸钾法,能够真实准确地反映废水的CODCr。     

含能材料CL-20的热安全性测试分析

CL-20是一种高能量、高性能的炸药。为了研究CL-20的热分解性能,分别采用DSC-TG、DSC-TG-QMS联用系统和高压型差示扫描量热仪(DSC 204 HP)对CL-20的热安全性进行了测试分析,并计算了CL-20的热力学参数和动力学参数。结果表明,CL-20固体炸药在不同升温速率下的TG曲线基本相似,都只有一个台阶。在升温速率为10 K/min时,CL-20在放热峰温处的活化焓、活化熵和活化自由能分别是177.26 k J/mol、52.61 J/(K·mol)和149.7 kJ/mol。CL-20热分解后的气体产物主要有NO、CO、CO_2和H_2O,离子流强度约为10-9A,其中H_2O的离子流强度最大。不同压力时CL-20热分解的过程不同,在压力高的情况下CL-20分解放热更多,反应过程越剧烈,热安全性越差。与常压下相比DSC放热峰值温度降低。     

Degradation of PVC Containing Mixtures in the Presence of HCl Fixators

Degradation of a model polymer mixture (PVC/PS/PE) and a waste polymer mixture in the presence of HCl fixators (Red Mud, precipitated CaCO₃ and dolamite) was studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and a cycled-spheres-reactor. The experiments in cycled-spheres reactor model were performed by stepwise pyrolysis. Liquid products and HCl from each step were collected separately. For the model polymer mixture, the precipitated CaCO₃ showed the best effect on the fixation of evolved HCl and the reduction of chlorine content in the liquid products whereas RM yielded the best result for the waste polymer mixture. In addition, using HCl fixator also affected the degradation of both types of polymer mixture, leading to the formation of more gaseous and less residue.     

微孔曝气与覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷形态分布及释放过程的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面微孔曝气系统,开展了底泥表面曝气和覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷释放及形态分布规律的影响研究.结果表明,微孔曝气能够有效提高上覆水的溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh),能够将泥-水界面Eh维持在-100 m V左右,DO提高到6 mg·L-1以上.与对照比较,原位覆盖处理的上覆水DO和Eh有一定提高,但仍明显低于微孔曝气处理.与对照相比较,微孔曝气处理均有效降低上覆水中总磷(TP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)的含量.试验结束时,微孔曝气(A)和微孔曝气+原位覆盖处理(A+C)上覆水中TP含量由初始的0.201 mg·L-1分别降至0.062 mg·L-1和0.050 mg·L-1;上覆水中PO3-4含量由0.086 mg·L-1和0.078 mg·L-1分别降至0.026 mg·L-1和0.023 mg·L-1.与对照相比,微孔曝气处理明显降低了底泥间隙水中TP的浓度,在整个培养期间,其TP含量平均下降38.8%(A)和47.9%(A+C).底泥原位覆盖处理对抑制泥-水界面磷释放能力要弱于微孔曝气处理,而且在试验后期(50 d),上覆水中TP和PO3-4的含量均有所反弹.不管有无覆盖,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理均显著改变了表层底泥磷形态分布特征,显著降低了底泥中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)组分比例,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量比例却出现明显增加.单一的表面覆盖处理对底泥磷形态分布特征没有显著影响(P0.05).研究表明,与单一的处理效果相比较,泥-水界面纳米微孔曝气处理,并结合底泥原位覆盖,更有利于抑制城市重污染河道泥-水界面中磷的释放风险.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌新基因cry1Ab17的克隆和生物信息学

利用高效克隆PCR产物的专用载体pMD18T,直接从苏云金芽孢杆菌WB9的PCR产物中克隆了cry1Ab17新基因.测序结果表明,该基因(GenBank登录号为AY646166)由3471个碱基组成,其编码的蛋白质含有1156个氨基酸残基,其中亲水性氨基酸占30.8%,疏水性氨基酸占45.2%,酸性氨基酸占12.9%,碱性氨基酸占11.1%.氨基酸序列的同源性分析结果表明,Cry1Ab17蛋白与已报道的Cry1Ab蛋白同源性为95.4%～99.7%,该蛋白的4个氨基酸残基———Pro170、Gly449、Gly796和Gly863与其它已报道Cry1Ab蛋白相应位置的氨基酸残基均不同.在核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列多重比较的基础上,应用PAUP4.0构建了Cry1A蛋白家族的系统发育树.SignalP分析结果显示,Cry1Ab17蛋白中不含信号肽序列.此外,对Cry1Ab17蛋白的二级结构和3个结构域也进行了预测和分析.图4表2参15     

Degradation of azo dyes in water by Electro-Fenton process

The degradation of the azo dyes azobenzene, p-methyl red and methyl orange in aqueous solution at room temperature has been studied by an advanced electrochemical oxidation process (AEOPs) under potential-controlled electrolysis conditions, using a Pt anode and a carbon felt cathode. The electrochemical production of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) allows a controlled in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (^·OH) by simultaneous reduction of dioxygen and ferrous ions on the carbon felt electrode. In turn, hydroxyl radicals react with azo dyes, thus leading to their mineralization into CO₂ and H₂O. The chemical composition of the azo dyes and their degradation products during electrolysis were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following degradation products were identified: hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, pyrocatechol, 4-nitrocatechol, 1,3,5-trihydroxynitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. Degradation of the initial azo dyes was assessed by the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Kinetic analysis of these data showed a pseudo-first order degradation reaction for all azo dyes. A pathway of degradation of azo dyes is proposed. Specifically, the degradation of dyes and intermediates proceeds by oxidation of azo bonds and aromatic ring by hydroxyl radicals. The results display the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade organic matter. Electronic Publication