硝铵共浆溶液热安全性研究

为防止硝铵共浆溶液在配制、储存、运输和生产复合肥过程中发生爆炸事故,利用自制实验装置对硝铵共浆溶液的热安全性进行了实验研究.结果表明,硝铵共浆溶液低于纯硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度,具有很大的危险性;硝酸铵的浓度对硝铵共浆溶液的临界爆炸温度的影响很大,硝酸铵浓度越高,其临界爆炸温度就越低,也越易爆炸;氯离子有促进硝铵共浆溶液爆炸的作用;油脂会降低硝铵共浆溶液的热稳定性,降低其临界爆炸温度.研究结果对相关化肥企业的安全生产有指导意义.     

致癌物苯并(a)芘[Benzo(a)Pyrene]对土壤--植物系统污染研究

本报告是1973—1979年研究工作的简要总结.采用野外调查、盆钵试验、放射性示踪同位素、荧光分光光度计、人工模拟控制大气污染实验与电镜扫描照相等方法,研究了在石油污水灌溉条件下,环境中致癌物苯并(a)芘(B(a)P)对水稻可食部分的影响.其结果是:①土壤表层(0—15cm)B(a)P含量在<10—500ppb范围内,污水与清水灌区栽培水稻精白米中B(a)P的含量无显著差异;②水稻各部分的B(a)P来自大气污染、水——土壤污染以及水稻本身生物合成.B(a)P在水稻体内的分配次序为:根系≥茎叶>皮壳≥籽实,水稻精白米中B(a)P含量约0.18ppb;③在自然条件下,水稻的外来B(a)P污染源主要是大气飘尘,而水——土壤是次要的.     

Effect of reclaimed water effluent on bacterial community structure in the Typha angustifolia L. rhizosphere soil of urbanized riverside wetland, China

In order to evaluate the impact of reclaimed water on the ecology of bacterial communities in the Typha angustifolia L. rhizosphere soil,bacterial community structure was investigated using a combination of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16S rRNA gene clone library. The results revealed significant spatial variation of bacterial communities along the river from upstream and downstream. For example,a higher relative abundance of γ-Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Chloroflexi and a lower proportion ofβ-Proteobacteria and ε-Proteobacteria was detected at the downstream site compared to the upstream site. Additionally,with an increase of the reclaimed water interference intensity,the rhizosphere bacterial community showed a decrease in taxon richness,evenness and diversity. The relative abundance of bacteria closely related to the resistant of heavy-metal was markedly increased,while the bacteria related for carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus/sulfur cycling wasn't strikingly changed. Besides that,the pathogenic bacteria markedly increased in the downstream rhizosphere soil since reclaimed water supplement,while the possible plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria obviously reduced in the downstream sediment.Together these data suggest cause and effect between reclaimed water input into the wetland,shift in bacterial communities through habitat change,and alteration of capacity for biogeochemical cycling of contaminants.     

高压输电线路环境影响评价模拟类比研究

本文按照《规范》对高压输电线路工程环境影响评价模拟类比的说明,结合对输电线路下方形成的工频电磁场和无线电干扰值的理论计算,通过分析影响线路下方工频电磁场、无线电干扰强度及空间分布的因素,总结出几点关于类比线路选取方面的经验,为今后电磁环评中模拟类比线路的选择提供依据和参考。     

微波辐射处理活性艳蓝KN-R染料溶液的研究

在活性炭存在下微波照射能使活性艳蓝KN－R溶液迅速脱色，每g活性炭处理浓度为300mg／L的活性艳蓝KN－R溶液50mL，微波辐射4min脱色率达97．1％。     

绿狐尾藻分解及其氮磷释放特征

湿地植物分解释放的有机物、氮和磷等会影响人工湿地对水体污染物的去除效率和出水水质.本研究采用尼龙分解袋法研究绿狐尾藻在水中的分解过程及氮磷释放特征.连续60 d的室内分解实验结果表明,前期(0～4 d)绿狐尾藻干物质质量损失速率快,占初始质量的30%,中后期(4～60 d)损失速率减慢,占31%.拟合的一级动力学分解速率常数为0. 014 2d-1,降解50%的干物质需48. 8 d.水体p H值变化情况:0～4 d从7. 60迅速下降到5. 63;中期趋于稳定;后期p H值回升到7. 03,与空白对照值接近.绿狐尾藻分解实验系统中溶解氧浓度从6. 30 mg·L~(-1)在1 d内快速下降到0. 61 mg·L~(-1),表明该系统一直处于厌氧状态.水中总氮浓度0～2 h迅速增加达到12. 7 mg·L~(-1),2 h～32 d逐渐降低到5. 80 mg·L~(-1),后期略有增加;总磷浓度初期快速升高到18. 4 mg·L~(-1),中后期趋于稳定.有机氮(占总氮65. 7%～94. 7%)和无机磷(占总磷61%～89%)是主要的氮磷存在形态.绿狐尾藻体内总氮含量随分解时间逐渐增加,从24. 3 mg·g~(-1)上升到60. 5 mg·g~(-1);而总磷含量从6. 09 mg·g~(-1)下降到2. 94 mg·g~(-1)后波动稳定,这可能与附着微生物对氮的吸收和固定等因素有关.本研究证实绿狐尾藻分解过程释放的氮磷营养元素会引起水体二次污染,为此采用合理的植物收割管理措施非常必要.     

铅对人体的危害

铅中毒不仅使中毒者本人受害,而且影响家属和后代,接触了铅的胎儿可能死亡或发育畸形.双亲任何一方是接触铅的,子女往往大脑迟钝,行动失调,并且容易夭折.铅对儿童的威胁尤其突出,已成为一个严重的环境问题.提倡科学、安全用铅,既要在宏观上尽量根除和避免铅的污染源,又要在微观上人人自已保护自己,拒铅于"千里之外".     

Framing the Long-Term <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Liability Issue for Geologic Carbon Storage in the United States

This paper examines how legal standards of liability may apply to geologic carbon storage. The liability regime governing geologic carbon storage will shape the technology's cost-effectiveness and overall attractiveness. We classify potential sources of liability into operational, in situ, and climate liability. As a first step, we explore in situ liability in the United States. After summarizing legal standards of liability including negligence, breach of implied warranty, strict liability, and product liability, we discuss how liability may be addressed at the level of the federal government, state government, industry, and the firm. Finally, we address the implications of judicial treatment of liability for carbon storage, including the apportionment of liability and the adequacy of current regulations.     

土壤溶液中镉的化学形态及化学平衡研究

据土壤溶液的实际情况建立简便的平衡模式,研究了红壤、黄棕壤、黄潮土三种典型土壤溶液中Cd的化学形态和化学平衡.结果表明,溶液中Cd的主要形态为Cd~(2+)、CdCl~+和CdSO_4~6.黄潮土还有一定量的CdHCO_3~+,其它形态Cd很少,其中游离Cd~(2+)占绝大部分.红壤最高,黄棕壤次之.红壤施石灰后游离Cd~(2+)下降,CdSO_4~6增加;添加氯化物后,溶液pH下降,大量Cd进入溶液中,CdCl~+比例明显升高.溶液中Cd的形态分布与土壤Cd的生物有效性有一定关系.此外,溶解度图证明,供试土壤中不可能有Cd的矿物生成.Cd在固液相间的平衡受吸附解吸反应控制.     

Predicting heavy metals’ adsorption edges and adsorption isotherms on MnO2 with the parameters determined from Langmuir kinetics

Although surface complexation models have been widely used to describe the adsorption of heavy metals, few studies have verified the feasibility of modeling the adsorption kinetics,edge, and isotherm data with one p H-independent parameter. A close inspection of the derivation process of Langmuir isotherm revealed that the equilibrium constant derived from the Langmuir kinetic model, K S-kinetic, is theoretically equivalent to the adsorption constant in Langmuir isotherm, K S-Langmuir. The modified Langmuir kinetic model(MLK model) and modified Langmuir isotherm model(MLI model) incorporating p H factor were developed. The MLK model was employed to simulate the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) on Mn O2 at p H 3.2 or 3.3 to get the values of K S-kinetic. The adsorption edges of heavy metals could be modeled with the modified metal partitioning model(MMP model), and the values of K S-Langmuir were obtained. The values of K S-kinetic and K S-Langmuir are very close to each other, validating that the constants obtained by these two methods are basically the same. The MMP model with K S-kinetic constants could predict the adsorption edges of heavy metals on Mn O2 very well at different adsorbent/adsorbate concentrations. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms of heavy metals on Mn O2 at various p H levels could be predicted reasonably well by the MLI model with the K S-kinetic constants.