Soil Organic Carbon Stock and Distribution in Cultivated Land Converted to Grassland in a Subtropical Region of China

Land-use change from one type to another affects soil carbon (C) stocks which is associated with fluxes of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The 10-years converted land selected from previously cultivated land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China was studied to understand the effects of land-use conversion on soil organic casrbon (SOC) sequestration under landscape position influences in a subtropical region of China. The SOC concentrations of the surface soil were greater (P < 0.001) for converted soils than those for cultivated soils but lower (P < 0.001) than those for original uncultivated soils. The SOC inventories (1.90–1.95 kg m^?2) in the 0–15 cm surface soils were similar among upper, middle, and lower slope positions on the converted land, while the SOC inventories (1.41–1.65 kg m^?2) in this soil layer tended to increase from upper to lower slope positions on the cultivated slope. On the whole, SOC inventories in this soil layer significantly increased following the conversion from cultivated land to grassland (P < 0.001). In the upper slope positions, converted soils (especially in 0–5 cm surface soil) exhibited a higher C/N ratio than cultivated soils (P = 0.012), implying that strong SOC sequestration characteristics exist in upper slope areas where severe soil erosion occurred before land conversion. It is suggested that landscape position impacts on the SOC spatial distribution become insignificant after the conversion of cultivated land to grassland, which is conducive to the immobilization of organic C. We speculate that the conversion of cultivated land to grassland would markedly increase SOC stocks in soil and would especially improve the potential for SOC sequestration in the surface soil over a moderate period of time (10 years).     

浙皖丘陵区饮用水水库夏季有色可溶性有机物光谱特征及环境指示意义

大型水库是我国特大、大中型城市集中式饮用水供水源地且兼具调蓄洪峰、农田灌溉、旅游观光等多种功能.浙皖丘陵地区饮用水水库分布广泛,夏季因藻类增殖而面临一定的水质风险.本研究借助总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素（Chl a）、透明度（SDD）等水质参数,以及基于以上参数所构建的综合富营养指数（TLI）,结合有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱（EEMs）及平行因子分析法（PARAFAC）,试图揭示浙皖丘陵地区共计12个饮用水库夏季营养水平、CDOM光谱特征及环境指示意义.结果表明,本研究调查水库的TLI处于25.0～48.8范围内,属中营养水平,对应a₂₅₄为7.0～10.2 m^-1.TP与Chl a、TLI、a₂₅₄、陆源类腐殖酸C2均具有显著的相关性（p<0.01）,表明TP是饮用水水库藻类增殖的主要制约因子,且与TLI关联密切.水库中Chl a浓度普遍较低,平均值为（8.4±5.7）μg·L^-1,且与类酪氨酸C1、类色氨酸C3不存在显著相关性（p>0.05）,说明藻源C...     

Destructing surfactant network in nanoemulsions by positively charged magnetic nanorods to enhance oil-water separation

The separation of ultrafine oil droplets from wasted nanoemulsions stabilized with high concentration of surfactants is precondition for oil reuse and the safe discharge of effluent. However, the double barriers of the interfacial film and network structures formed by surfactants in nanoemulsions significantly impede the oil-water separation. To destroy these surfactant protective layers, we proposed a newly-developed polyethyleneimine micelle template approach to achieve simultaneous surface charge manipulation and morphology transformation of magnetic nanospheres to magnetic nanorods. The results revealed that positively charged magnetic nanospheres exhibited limited separation performance of nanoemulsions, with a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 50%, whereas magnetic nanorods achieved more than 95% COD removal in less than 30 s. The magnetic nanorods were also applicable to wasted nanoemulsions from different sources and exhibited excellent resistance to wide pH changes. Owing to their unique one-dimensional structure, the interfacial dispersion of magnetic nanorods was significantly promoted, leading to the efficient capture of surfactants and widespread destruction of both the interfacial film and network structure, which facilitated droplet merging into the oil phase. The easy-to-prepare and easy-to-tune strategy in this study paves a feasible avenue to simultaneously tailor surface charge and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, and reveals the huge potential of morphology manipulation for producing high-performance nanomaterials to be applied in complex interfacial interaction process. We believe that the newly-developed magnetic-nanorods significantly contribute to hazardous oily waste remediation and advances technology evolution toward problematic oil-pollution control.     

Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI)

The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS₂/CoS₂ photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O₂^– and h⁺ attacking SMX and e^– reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.     

汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)水体中微塑料的赋存特征

河流作为内陆微塑料进入海洋的重要途径,其微塑料污染问题受到广泛关注. 为了解南水北调中线一期工程调水及梯级水利枢纽运行条件下,汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)水体中微塑料的赋存状况,以该河段河道的表层水体以及王甫洲、崔家营、兴隆水利枢纽库区的表层、中层、底层水体为研究对象,通过野外采样调查,分析水体中微塑料的赋存特征. 结果表明:①汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中微塑料丰度的范围为4 467~8 400 n/m3,平均值为(6 260±1 431) n/m3,崔家营和兴隆水利枢纽库区中层水体中微塑料丰度均显著高于表层和底层水体. ②汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中微塑料粒径主要分布在[200, 500) μm,占比为42.5%;且随水深增加,微塑料粒径有增大趋势,崔家营水利枢纽库区底层水体、兴隆水利枢纽库区中层及底层水体中微塑料粒径均以[500, 1 000) μm为主. ③汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中观测到的微塑料以纤维状为主,占比为65.2%,但微塑料形状在水利枢纽库区随水深发生显著性变化,即随水深增加,纤维状的微塑料占比下降,碎片状的微塑料占比增加. ④汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中微塑料聚合物类型以尼龙为主,占比约为65.9%,但王甫洲、崔家营、兴隆水利枢纽库区中层及底层水体中尼龙的占比均有所下降,平均值分别为57.3%和43.1%. 研究显示,水利枢纽库区中的微塑料有在水体中层聚集的趋势,其粒径、形状和材质在不同水层的分布也有所不同,今后还需要对微塑料在水利枢纽库区中的沉降机制进行深入研究,以系统揭示微塑料在水利枢纽运行条件下的环境行为与输移规律.      

Dispersion of carbon dioxide released from buried high-pressure pipeline over complex terrain

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To quantitatively assess the risks associated with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, a better understanding of the dispersion...     

Reduced graphene oxide modified Z-scheme AgI/Bi2MoO6 heterojunctions with boosted photocatalytic activity for water treatment originated from the efficient charge pairs partition and migration

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In order to enhance degradation of harmful organic pollutants like Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible-light irradiation (λ &gt;420 nm), a...     

Utilization of solar energy in sewage sludge composting: Fertilizer effect and application

Three reactors, ordinary, greenhouse, and solar, were constructed and tested to compare their impacts on the composting of municipal sewage sludge. Greenhouse and solar reactors were designed to evaluate the use of solar energy in sludge composting, including their effects on temperature and compost quality. After 40 days of composting, it was found that the solar reactor could provide more stable heat for the composting process. The average temperature of the solar reactor was higher than that of the other two systems, and only the solar reactor could maintain the temperature above 55 °C for more than 3 days. Composting with the solar reactor resulted in 31.3% decrease in the total organic carbon, increased the germination index to 91%, decreased the total nitrogen loss, and produced a good effect on pot experiments.     

山西晋中焦化基地多环芳烃排放对周边大田卷心菜的影响

饮食摄入是多环芳烃(PAHs)人体暴露的主要途径之一,探究PAHs污染对农产品安全和人体健康的影响具有重要意义。山西晋中拥有大型焦化企业,也是北方重要的大田蔬菜种植基地,当地PAHs污染的特征和影响具有相当的典型性。研究选取修文工业基地周边的大田蔬菜基地作为研究区域,分别采集大气(含气相和颗粒相)、菜地表土和卷心菜菜心样品,确定各类样品中母体PAHs的浓度水平、组成比例和分布特征。结果表明,蔬菜基地周边大气中母体PAHs的平均浓度为301 ng·m-3。大气母体PAHs主要存在于气相,低环(2~3环)组分占据优势。利用同分异构体特征比值和主成分分析对大气PAHs进行初步源解析,炼焦、燃煤和生物质燃烧、以及交通尾气排放是当地PAHs的主要排放源。菜地表土母体PAHs的中位数浓度为236ng·g-1,范围为130~703 ng·g-1,以中、高环(4~6环)组分为主,菜地表土母体PAHs浓度与土壤总有机碳(TOC)分数呈现显著正相关关系。当地大田种植卷心菜菜心的PAHs中位数浓度为12.9 ng·g-1,范围为0.9~47.6 ng·g-1,低环组分所占比例最大,其组分谱分布与大气相似。偏相关分析显示周边大气PAHs对卷心菜菜心PAHs的传输贡献要大于表土PAHs。