现代生物技术在环境监测中的应用

随着分子生物学的迅速发展,现代生物技术在环境监测中的应用越来越广泛。文章解释了与环境科学密切相关的生物芯片、生物传感、流式细胞测定、单细胞凝胶电泳、微核、PCR和酶联免疫吸附检测技术,概述了这些技术的特点及应用情况。提出了在环境监测中,根据实际情况,联合应用,才能充分发挥各种技术的作用,为环境监测提供有力支持。     

Cellular and molecular damage of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by the oxidation hair dyes

Introduction

The toxic effect of the oxidation hair dyes on Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated by exposure of this fungus in a nitrogen-limited culture medium to various concentrations of the oxidation hair dyes.

Results

The results showed that both the size and the dry weight of the mycelial pellets of P. chrysosporium could be reduced when the concentration of the oxidation hair dyes was higher than 300?mg/L. By using the AFLP analysis and the UPGMA dendrogram, the DNA damage of P. chrysosporium by the oxidation hair dyes was also detected. Comparing with that in the control, the percent polymorphism under different concentrations of the oxidation hair dyes increased. In the meantime, the DNA similarity was decreased, which meant that the DNA damage was aggravated with an increase in the concentrations of the oxidation hair dyes.

Conclusion

Thus, as an environmental pollutant, the oxidation hair dyes have a toxic effect on P. chrysosporium at both cellular and molecular levels.     

Comparative phytotoxicity of Rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor on rice seedlings

The toxicity of Rac-metolachlor and S-metolachlor on rice (IIYou92, Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was determined and compared in a hydroponics experiment. The elongation of shoot, main root, and the number of lateral roots were inhibited in both Rac- and S-metolachlor treatments. The 96 h- IC50 of Rac- and S-metolachlor were 12.32 and 9.44 μM for shoot, and 4.69 and 1.75 μM for root, respectively. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of leaf treated by Rac-metolachlor was higher than that treated by S-metolachlor. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, cytochrome P450 2E1, glutathione S-transferase, and the content of glutathione increased after herbicide exposure, and the activities or the content was higher in the S-metolachlor treatment than in the exposure to Rac-metolachlor. Ultrastructural studies revealed that Rac- and S-metolachlor had adverse effects on leaf cells, and S-metolachlor treatment caused higher damage.     

清洗液和阻垢剂对疏水膜接触角的影响

研究了采用不同pH的酸、碱清洗液及阻垢剂溶液静态浸泡对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)疏水平板膜接触角的影响.实验结果表明:随pH 2.5盐酸和pH2.0草酸浸泡PVDF膜和PTFE膜时间的延长,两种疏水膜的接触角均小幅度减小,说明酸性清洗液对两种疏水膜性能的影响较小;随pH11.5NaOH溶液浸泡膜时间...     

炼油废水体系中超滤膜表面污染物的剖析

分别采用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散谱仪对炼油废水体系中超滤膜表面污染物进行了形貌观测和元素组分含量分析,并研究了炼油废水中Fe、Si和Al含量对超滤膜表面形态和污染物组成的影响.实验结果表明:超滤膜表面的主要污染物为Ca,Fe,Si,Al,Mg的化合物形成的凝胶,元素含量大小顺序为Fe＞ Ca＞ Si＞ Mg＞ Al;随...     

FTIR在环境毒理学研究中的应用

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)作为一种常用化学分析方法,与多元统计分析方法相结合,可以识别生物分子的变化情况.红外光谱具有操作简单、快速、灵敏、样品无损等特点,逐渐在环境监测和污染物毒性效应方面被广泛应用.通过研究生物体受到外界胁迫时生物大分子在结构上的变化情况,可从分子水平揭示污染物的毒性效应及其毒性机制.笔者从FT...     

基于电阻率的硫酸污染水泥土检测方法的探讨

电阻率法作为一种简单有效的测试方法,已在岩土工程检测中得到了一定程度的应用.通过室内试验模拟了水泥土试块受不同浓度硫酸溶液污染的反应,采用电阻率法研究了孔隙水电阻率、水泥土电阻率、结构因子与溶液浓度和龄期之间的关系.结果表明,孔隙水和水泥土电阻率随溶液浓度增大而减小、随龄期的增大而增大,结构因子随着溶液浓度和龄期的增加而增加,它们之间具有较高的相关性.这充分说明,电阻率法可应用于硫酸污染水泥土的检测和评价.     

颗粒材料在三轴试验中滞滑现象的研究∗

球形玻璃砂和不锈钢珠是两种典型的颗粒材料,采用这两种材料进行不同围压下的常规三轴排水和不排水试验,研究颗粒材料在三轴试验中的滞滑现象。研究工作表明,两种材料在三轴排水试验中都存在明显的滞滑现象,围压大小会直接影响滞滑时应力值跌落的幅度,但两种材料在滞滑中的表现却有明显不同,并且玻璃砂样中的滞滑现象随着玻璃砂样的重复使用而减弱至基本消失,表明玻璃砂试样的制备历史对其滞滑现象的发展具有重要影响。玻璃砂和钢珠不同的表面特征是影响两种材料滞滑现象差异性的一个重要因素。重复使用的玻璃砂颗粒表面特征会发生明显改变,这是其滞滑现象逐渐减弱的重要原因。试验结果对玻璃砂和钢珠等颗粒材料滞滑现象发生机制的深入研究提供一定参考,为滞滑演变规律的微观机制探究提供思考方向。     

原生滩涂植被演替带土壤Cd形态分布及其生态风险评价

为了解原生滨海滩涂不同植被演替带土壤镉(Cd)的含量特征、赋存形态及生态风险,以盐城地区原生滨海滩涂为研究对象,利用BCR 3步提取法分析了不同植被演替带土壤Cd的含量及赋存形态,并采用平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)和风险评价准则(RAC)对Cd的潜在生态风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,原生滩涂土壤中总Cd(CdT)含量在2.21~3.61 mg·kg~(-1)之间,远高于江苏沿海土壤Cd背景值和国家土壤环境质量三级标准;不同植被演替带间,CdT含量表现为互花米草滩碱蓬滩芦苇滩光滩;SQG-Q系数显示该地区土壤CdT处于中等风险,互花米草滩风险相对较高;总体上原生滩涂土壤中可还原态Cd比例较低(12.8%),而酸溶态、可氧化态、残渣态三者差异不大(分别为28.2%、29.8%,29.2%);互花米草滩和芦苇滩酸溶态Cd比例(30.5%、37.0%)显著高于碱蓬滩和光滩(28.2%、20.6%),而残渣态Cd(21.5%、20.9%)则显著低于碱蓬滩和光滩(41.5%、45.6%);RAC评价结果显示,滩涂土壤Cd总体上呈现中等风险,而互花米草滩和芦苇滩达到高风险。以上结果显示,原生滨海滩涂土壤Cd已存在一定的生态风险,其中互花米草滩风险相对较高,随着互花米草的扩张及围垦面积的扩大,其重金属风险值得关注。