Floc structure and membrane fouling affected by sodium alginate interaction with Al species as model organic pollutants

Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway.     

室温下不同活化和氧化的干酪根对菲和壬基酚的吸附

对干酪根样品(OS)进行了活化和氧化处理(ZnCl_2(Z)和KOH(K)活化,H_2O_2(H)和NaClO(N)氧化),利用元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及CO_2气体吸附法对其进行表征,并对比研究其对非极性和极性有机污染物菲(Phen)和壬基酚(NP)的吸附行为.结果表明,样品的比表面积(SSA)和纳米孔体积(Vo)分别为76.57~104.00 m2·g~(-1)和30.68~41.67μL·g~(-1),与有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系.吸附实验表明,所有样品对菲和壬基酚的吸附均为典型的非线性吸附,对菲的吸附非线性因子n值(0.678~0.797)都大于对壬基酚吸附的n值(0.530~0.748),且对壬基酚的吸附容量(K'F为1358~3750μg·g~(-1))都大于对菲的吸附容量(K'F为435~1297μg·g~(-1)).此外,样品对菲和壬基酚的吸附容量与O/C和(N+O)/C呈显著负相关关系.纳米孔填充模型拟合表明,菲的吸附机理主要是纳米孔填充机制,但对壬基酚的吸附超过对菲的吸附这一现象与氢键作用有关.在KH(KOH活化+H_2O_2氧化,其余类同)、ON、KN处理组合上NP的纳米孔填充体积都有明显的提高,这一方面与纳米孔径大小的变化有关,另一方面与NP与表面—OH、—COOH、—NH_2等基团形成氢键有关.     

中国未来氟氯化碳(CFC)的生产和消费变化趋势

本文首先分析了中国履行《蒙特利尔议定书》控制CFC的生产和消费的履约目标，回顾了中国历史上CFC的生产和消费，最后提出了中国未来CFC的生产和各相关行业的消费计划。中国将在2010年前淘汰CFC生产和消费，2005-2010年间预计生产CFC共52450t ODP，消费48320t；2005-2010年期间，生产和消费计划量分别从《议定节》限定的目标低15744吨和35700t，现有CFC生产和消费淘汰计划相对安全，而替代品的发展将是保障CFC淘汰目标实现的关键之一。     

土壤中石油污染物微生物降解过程中各石油烃组分的演变规律

设计了一组实验，将7个石油烃生物降解的主要影响因素迫近在预实验中所得的最佳水平上，探索了石油烃中正构烷烃、异构烷烃、环烷烃、烯烃等不同组分在生物修复过程中各自的降解模式和降解速度。研究发现：碳数的多少是影响石油烃组分降解速度的最大因素；C23烷的降解速度近似于石油烃的总体降解速度；碳数越大，降解越难进行；当碳数相同时，不同类石油烃组分的降解速度由其官能团所决定。     

生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析理论，阐述了生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析方法，给出了其算法并编制了相关的程序，对实验中的主要条件：填料填充量、水力停留时间及污泥回流比对污水COD、NH3－N去除率的影响程度进行了研究，结果表明各因素的影响强弱顺序依次为：水力停留时间＞污泥回流比＞填料填充量。分析结果对生物流化床反应器的实际运行具有指导意义。     

利用水泥迴转窑处理可燃性危险废物

本文评述了国外利用可燃性危险废物作为生产水泥燃料的经验技术，说明这是一项既可处理危险废物，又回收废物资源的成功之举。结合我国具体情况，指出它将是我国进行区域性集中处理某些可燃性危险废物的有效之路。     

Effects of nitrite on phosphate uptake in anaerobic-oxic process

An anaerobic-oxic (A/O) biological phosphorus removal reactor was operated to study the effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake. The phosphorus uptake profile was determined under different operating conditions. The results indicated that in addition to oxygen and nitrate (DPB_Na, nitrate denitrifying phosphorus removal), to some extent, nitrite could also serve as an electron acceptor to achieve nitrite denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPB_Ni). The quantity and rate of phosphorus uptake of DPB_Ni, however, were evidently lower than that of DPB_Na. The experiment results revealed that nitrite would bring toxic action to phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) when NO₂ ⁻-N ⩾ 93.7 mg/L. The nitrite existing in the anoxic reactor made no difference to the quantity and rate of denitrifying phosphorus removal, but it could reduce the consumption of nitrate. Moreover, the data showed that the aerobic phosphate uptake of DPB_Ni was lower than that of anaerobic phosphorus-released sludge in a traditional A/O process. However, there was not much difference between these two kinds of sludge in terms of the total phosphorus uptake quantity and the effluent quality. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(4): 701–703 [译自: 环境科学]     

Zn2+对棉铃虫N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活力与性质的影响

以棉铃虫蛹为材料,经分离纯化获得棉铃虫N乙酰βD氨基葡萄糖苷酶制剂;研究了Zn2 对棉铃虫N乙酰βD氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.14)活力与性质的影响.结果表明,Zn2 对酶活力有抑制作用,酶活力丧失一半的Zn2 浓度(IC50)为1.3mmol/L.进一步研究Zn2 的抑制作用动力学,发现Zn2 对该酶的抑制作用是一种可逆过程,抑制机理表现为竞争型,抑制常数KI为1.158mmol/L.Zn2 不会影响酶的酸碱稳定性,但有Zn2 存在时,在30～40范围内,酶是稳定的,温度高于50℃后,随着Zn2 浓度的增加,酶的温度稳定性也相对增加.图5参10     

苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株WB9编码活性因子的基因分析

采用PCR—RFLP及PCR技术对苏云金芽胞杆菌新分离菌株WB9的ICP、VIP、几丁质酶和肠毒素4种活性因子的编码基因进行了分析．结果表明，该菌株含有编码ICP的cry1Aa、cry1Ab、cry1Cb、cry1Fa和cry1GaS个cry1基因型，编码Vip3A蛋白的vip3A基因以及编码3种肠毒素的hblA、bceT和entS基因；不含编码几丁质酶的基因．将vip3A、hblA、bceT和entS基因PCR产物回收纯化后直接测序，经在线的BLAST软件进行同源性分析，前两个基因片段与Bt已公布基因序列的相应片段同源性分别为99％和96％～98％，bceT基因片段与蜡质芽孢杆菌bceT相应片段同源性为97％．     

小黄磷生产企业磷矿渣的综合利用

某县化工厂小黄磷矿渣＾２２６Ｒａ比活度较高，＾２３２Ｔｈ及＾４０Ｋ比活度相对偏低。用于生产农用硅肥投资较小，不会造成放射性污染；用于生产磷渣硅酸水泥投资较大，但也不会造成放射性污染；用于生产废渣砖投资不大，利用率高，但有一定放射性污染风险。