采用新工艺处理延迟焦化冷焦水恶臭污染

延迟焦化装置冷焦水处理系统原采用半敞开式循环冷却工艺,焦炭塔顶高温溢流水进入冷焦热水罐及在凉水塔的冷却过程中,污水中含硫化氢的混合性气体加上罐内存有的有害气体逸放进入大气中,散发出强烈恶臭,严重污染周围环境.冷焦水密闭系统通过对冷焦水密闭控制,在冷焦热水罐顶增设胺液脱臭工艺,彻底解决了原来冷焦水恶臭污染环境这一难题.     

鄱阳湖流域农业生态环境变迁及其启示

鄱阳湖流域农业生态环境变迁史可以概括为:远古至秦汉时期,是生态环境由荒凉向开化发展的阶段;隋唐五代时期,是生态环境平衡发展阶段;宋元时期,是生态环境开始失衡阶段;明清时期,是生态环境逐渐破坏恶化的阶段;近代以来,生态环境呈现进一步恶化的趋势;建国以来生态环境经历了一个恶化——治理——改善的过程。在此,我们可以得出历史的经验教训:农业开发必须适应复杂的自然生态环境条件,只有全面地把握自然生态环境的总体,才能使自然资源和自然条件充分地持续地发挥作用,经济社会才能保持可持续发展。相反,如果不顾自然生态环境的复杂性,掠夺性开发资源,就必然会受到自然界的惩罚。     

城市自来水管网中挥发性有机物的空间分布特征

分析了中国2座沿海城市(S市和L市)自来水管网中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的赋存状态,对检出的VOCs进行了健康风险评价,并探讨了检出VOCs在城市自来水管网中的分布规律.在本文选取的47种VOCs目标化合物中,所研究的2座城市自来水管网中共检出16种VOCs,在2市共同检出的VOCs为11种,以卤代烃类化合物为主,其中又以三卤甲烷类VOCs(一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷)的检出率最高(92%~100%).在浓度水平上,除一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷外,其他检出VOCs在2市自来水管网中的最大浓度均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006)》中相关化合物的限值.一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷在2座城市自来水管网中不仅浓度水平超标(限值分别为60μg·L-1和100μg·L-1),而且其致癌风险值(LCR)也处于不可接受的水平(10-4),二者应当被给予足够的重视或被列为2市自来水管网中优先控制的污染物.此外,本研究还选择了8种检出率大于90%的VOCs,探讨了它们在S市自来水管网中的空间分布规律,结果表明,所研究的VOCs(除甲苯外)在该市自来水管网中的浓度都随管网输送距离的增加而逐渐降低.     

Floc structure and membrane fouling affected by sodium alginate interaction with Al species as model organic pollutants

Membrane filtration combined with pre-coagulation has advantages in advanced wastewater treatment. As a model of a microbial polysaccharide, research on the effect of sodium alginate(SA) on alum hydrolysis has been rare; therefore, it is necessary to gain insight into the interface interaction between SA molecules and Al species, and the role SA plays during floc formation. In this study, the interaction mechanism between SA and Al species has been investigated, by evaluating the effect of SA on floc characteristics and membrane fouling during coagulation–ultrafiltration with different Al species coagulants(AlCl3 and preformed Al13). Al 2 p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) confirmed that the complexation of ligands and Al species strongly affects the reaction pathways for Al hydrolysis and the final nature of the flocs, as Al13 can be decomposed into octahedral precipitates when SA is added. The presence of SA can affect floc properties, which have important impacts on the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling. Due to the bridging ability of SA, the floc strength increased by about 50% using Ala, which was much better than preformed Al13, with a percentage increase of only about 6%. Moreover,the recovery factor of HA-flocs was decreased from 96% to 43% with SA addition of 0.5 mg/L.It was concluded that SA can affect the characteristics of the cake layer and membrane fouling through participating in the formation of primary flocs and altering the Al hydrolysis pathway.     

生态用地分类初步研究

中国现有的土地利用分类体系对土地的生态属性考虑不足,导致生态用地分类缺乏统一的标准,生态用地难以得到有效保护。基于此,该文尝试对生态用地分类体系进行初步研究,以期为生态用地的科学管护,国土空间格局的优化和生态文明建设的推进提供科技支撑。在总结借鉴国内外学者有关生态用地研究成果的基础上,首先对生态用地概念进行了界定,在剔除《第二次全国土地调查技术规程-土地利用现状分类》中的非生态用地基础上,采用"逆向递推"方法将生态用地合并归类:根据生态用地的概念、内涵和划分依据,将剔除非生态用地后的土地利用现状分类中的二级地类归为35个生态用地三级地类;根据人类活动对生态用地影响范围和程度的不同而导致发挥的生态功能强弱的差异,将生态用地三级地类合并归类为14个二级地类;基于"人类活动-生态用地"影响反馈机理,将生态用地分为原生生态用地、半人工生态用地和人工生态用地3个一级地类。随后,为使生态用地分类系统在生态用地管理与生态建设实践中发挥应有的作用,将土地利用现状分类与生态用地分类实现了有效衔接。最后,作者建议借鉴国内外对于生态系统服务功能的相关研究,考虑从生态系统服务价值等视角来建立相关定量化的系统科学的生态用地分类体系。     

不同再生水消毒方式对斑马鱼胚胎毒性的影响及其危害分级

以斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试研究海南某污水处理厂出水经氯胺、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠、臭氧和紫外几种消毒处理后对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性。利用胚胎毒性和层次分析法构建危害分级方法及其指标体系,评价消毒危害。研究结果表明:消毒处理前的二沉池出水未产生胚胎发育毒性效应,但经次氯酸钠、氯胺、臭氧、二氧化氯对再生水消毒处理可使斑马鱼胚胎出现卵黄囊异常、心跳减缓、色素沉积减少、孵出延缓和卷尾等毒理反应;不同消毒方式处理的再生水可致斑马鱼胚胎死亡率增加,胚胎毒性依次为:二氧化氯紫外紫外+次氯酸钠=二沉池出水(不消毒)氯胺=紫外+氯胺臭氧次氯酸钠;不同消毒方式的危害分级为:二氧化氯和紫外消毒构成轻微危害,危害等级为I级,紫外+次氯酸钠、紫外+氯胺、氯胺消毒构成中度危害,危害等级为II级,次氯酸钠危害较强,其危害等级为III级;化学消毒剂与紫外线组合消毒可降低再生水消毒的危害。     

陕西苹果果区冰雹灾害分布特征及风险区划

选取陕西省1961-2010年气象观测站冰雹观测数据,分析38个苹果基地县冰雹的时空分布特征,结合基础地理信息数据、社会经济统计数据和历史灾情等方面资料,基于自然灾害风险形成原理,从致灾因子危险性、承灾体易损性以及防灾减灾能力3个方面,构建陕西苹果冰雹灾害风险评估模型,利用GIS技术完成陕西苹果果区冰雹灾害风险区划。结果表明:1陕西苹果果区冰雹北多南少,高原和高山多于平川、盆地;延安、渭北西部果区多于渭北东部、关中西部果区;1970-1980年代是冰雹高发期且波动较大,1990年以后有所减少;降雹随季节变化明显,夏季冰雹日数最多,春秋次之;冰雹日变化呈单峰型,14∶00-19∶00是陕西苹果果区降雹的高峰时段,出现频次为78.7%。2陕西苹果果区冰雹灾害重度风险区主要分布在延安中西部,该区年平均雹日约2 d;中度风险区主要包括韩城、合阳、澄城、蒲城、富平北部、耀州区、淳化、彬县、长武大部及其北部所有非重度风险区,该区年平均雹日1~2 d;轻度风险区主要分布在关中西北部及东部部分地区,该区年平均雹日不足1 d。     

基于SPA的福建省抗台风减灾能力评估

利用1985-2012年福建省的相关资料,构建评估抗台风减灾能力的指标体系,将集对分析法和主成分分析法应用于福建省的抗台风减灾能力评估模型中,对福建省的抗台风减灾能力进行综合评估。根据SHI值的变化得知,历年来福建省的抗台风减灾能力逐年提高,但仍存在小幅度波动,2006-2011年存在一个波谷。     

A Water Yield‐Oriented Practical Approach for Multifunctional Forest Management and its Application in Dryland Regions of China

Mountainous forest areas are vitally important for water supply in dryland regions which suffer from high erosion risk and severe water shortage. Massive afforestation, mainly for erosion control, may reduce the water yield and threaten local water supply security. Moreover, many over‐dense forests due to a strict logging ban policy have produced remarkably negative impacts for both forests (e.g., low timber quality, restricted natural regeneration, and high stand instability) and water yield. To satisfy the rapidly increasing demands on water supply and other services, a practical approach for managing forest stands in a multifunctional way, which particularly addresses water yielding, is urgently required. For this purpose, we integrated the existing knowledge and experience, designed an “ideal” stand structure to represent multifunctional forest (MFF) and determined its key parameters (a ground coverage of >0.7, a canopy density around 0.7, and an H/DBH ratio (tree height [m] to the diameter at breast height [cm]) of <0.7). Moreover, a decision process for MFF stand management was recommended as: (1) investigating the site quality; (2) identifying the site‐specific main forest functions; (3) quantifying the stand structure; (4) diagnosing the stand structure by comparing with the “ideal” one; and (5) arranging the functions/structure‐oriented management measures. In this way, the water‐yielding function can be improved and meanwhile other forest functions can be promoted.     

Predicting heavy metals' adsorption edges and adsorption isotherms on MnO2 with the parameters determined from Langmuir kinetics

Although surface complexation models have been widely used to describe the adsorption of heavy metals, few studies have verified the feasibility of modeling the adsorption kinetics, edge, and isotherm data with one pH-independent parameter. A close inspection of the derivation process of Langmuir isothermrevealed that the equilibriumconstant derived from the Langmuir kinetic model, K_S-kinetic, is theoretically equivalent to the adsorption constant in Langmuir isotherm, K_S-Langmuir. The modified Langmuir kinetic model (MLK model) and modified Langmuir isothermmodel (MLImodel) incorporating pH factor were developed. The MLKmodel was employed to simulate the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) on MnO₂ at pH 3.2 or 3.3 to get the values of K_S-kinetic. The adsorption edges of heavy metals could be modeled with the modified metal partitioning model (MMP model), and the values of K_S-Langmuirwere obtained. The values of K_S-kinetic and K_S-Langmuir are very close to each other, validating that the constants obtained by these two methods are basically the same. The MMP model with K_S-kinetic constants could predict the adsorption edges of heavy metals on MnO₂ very well at different adsorbent/adsorbate concentrations. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms of heavy metals on MnO₂ at various pH levels could be predicted reasonably well by the MLI model with the K_S-kinetic constants.