用微电极测定曝气量对SBR系统中硝化作用的影响

为了研究曝气量对硝化作用的影响,实验采用3个相同的SBR装置,分别在曝气量为4、10和16 L/h的条件下处理人工污水,并采用自制的溶解氧、NO3-、NH4+和pH微电极测定了活性污泥絮体内部微元环境中相应基质的浓度。结果表明,曝气量为4 L/h时,活性污泥絮体内存在厌氧微区,NO3--N浓度减小了,发生了反硝化作用;而曝气量为10 L/h和16 L/h时,活性污泥絮体内发生的都是硝化反应,且NH4+-N浓度的减小量、NO3--N浓度的增大量都随着曝气量的增大而增大,pH随着曝气量的增大而减小。     

二级出水典型污染物超滤膜污染行为的分子动力学模拟研究

以6-羧基葡萄糖、半胱氨酸和水杨酸分别代表二级出水的3种典型污染物多糖(SA)、蛋白质(BSA)和腐殖酸(HA)的分子组成,通过分子动力学(MD)技术,模拟了二级出水典型污染物,与醋酸纤维素(CA)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等3种主流商业膜材料之间的结合能(ΔE),作为对具有特征污染物性质的二级出水,在不同的膜材料上产生膜污染行为的判断依据.MD数据显示:PVDF结构单元与6-羧基葡萄糖和水杨酸分子间的ΔE高于半胱氨酸,而PES结构单元与半胱氨酸分子间的ΔE值高于其它分子间的组合.3种污染物在超滤膜上的过滤通量衰减及膜污染指数,证实了MD对PVDF膜上SA和HA污染性更高,而BSA在PES膜上更易产生膜污染的预测结论;分别对6-羧基葡萄糖、水杨酸、半胱氨酸与3种聚合物结构单元间的ΔE值,与SA、HA、BSA的超滤操作初始通量衰减率间进行了线性拟合,得到的拟合系数分别为0.9981、0.9555、0.7186,说明半胱氨酸作为蛋白质类代表物进行分子模拟尚有一定的不足.     

行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态仿真研究*

为研究行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态规律以及行人损伤情况,基于PC Crash和MADYMO软件进行仿真分析。分析不同发动机罩倾斜程度对行人抛距的影响,以及不同车速、行人走向、前挡风玻璃倾角对行人头部、胸腔的损伤影响,最后通过CIDAS数据库中的3起真实案例进行验证。结果表明:分段抛距公式不仅能反映行人抛距变化趋势,而且在2个分段范围内均能较好地拟合实际抛距,平均误差为4.23%,实际案例验证的结果误差在5%以内,证明实验方法的准确性。     

基于Anto CAD的冲裁模专业词库的建立

此文介绍了一种在西文版Auto CAD软件中实现冲裁模具专业词库的建库和输入的快捷方法.该方法不影响Auto CAD的原有功能,通过建立汉字库索引文件,编写相应的Auto Lisp程序,完美地解决了词库的建立和词语输入的问题。此文的方法可以直接用于建立其它专业的专业词库。     

三氯异氰尿酸与盐酸环丙沙星对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应

测试了典型渔药三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuric acid,TCCA)、盐酸环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride,CPFX)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的急性毒性及其Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明,TCCA和CPFX作用小球藻96h后EC50分别为0.31 mg·L-1和20.61mg·L-1.TCCA在低浓度下对小球藻Ⅰ、Ⅱ相代谢酶GSH、GST、CAT和EROD都存在诱导作用,当TCCA浓度大于0.13 mg·L-1时,对GSH、GST和EROD的诱导减弱.GSH、GST、EROD三种酶对CPFX作用的响应较弱,当CPFX大于70.20mg·L-1时,GST受到显著抑制,而EROD则明显升高,与对照组差异显著,GSH没有明显变化.CAT对CPFX作用的响应较敏感,表现为典型适应性诱导现象"钟形曲线",适合作为CPFX暴露的生物标记物.     

Residues of fluoroquinolones in marine aquaculture environment of the Pearl River Delta, South China

Concentrations and distributions of selected fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) in water, sediments and nine kinds of fish species collected from 6 sites in two marine aquaculture regions of the Pearl River Delta, China, were analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC). The results showed that the concentrations of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were below the limits of quantification (LOQ) in all water samples except for norfloxacin. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations ranged from 1.88 to 11.20 ng g⁻¹ dry wt, 0.76–2.42 ng g⁻¹ dry wt in sediments collected from the Dapeng’ao region (sites 1–3) and ranged from 2.31 to 4.75 ng g⁻¹ dry wt, 1.26–1.76 ng g⁻¹ dry wt in sediments collected from the Hailing Island region (sites 4–6), respectively. However, no enrofloxacin was found in all sediment samples. The three fluoroquinolones (FQs) were detected in all fish samples, and the concentrations were higher in liver tissues than those in muscle tissues. The levels of norfloxacin were higher than ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in both liver and muscle tissues. Among the nine marine fish species, Siganus fuscescens from Hailing Island had a significantly high level of norfloxacin in liver tissue (254.58 ng g⁻¹ wet wt), followed by Sparus macrocephalus (133.15 ng g⁻¹ wet wt) from Dapeng’ao, and the lowest value was Lutianus argentimaculatus (5.18 ng g⁻¹ wet wt) from Hailing Island. The obtained results of FQs in present study do not represent a risk to the human health in Guangdong coastal area, based on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by Chinese Government and the acceptable daily intake (ADI) recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO).     

HJ-1A高光谱数据的大气水汽含量反演

环境卫星是中国2008年9月份发射的一颗环境减灾小卫星,星上承载三种传感器,其中的HIS高光谱传感器设有可用于大气水汽含量的反演的通道。目前基于modis的大气水汽含量的反演算法已基本成熟,本文在modis水汽含量反演研究的基础上,探讨了HJ-HSI数据反演大气水汽含量的可行性,并在探讨结论的基础上采用modtran模拟的方法提出了HJ-HSI的大气水汽总量反演算法。通过成功的应用证明了HJ-HSI大气水汽含量反演的可行性。     

Macroscale and microscale analysis of Anammox in anaerobic rotating biological contactor

Inoculated with conventional anaerobic activated sludge, the Anammox process was successfully developed in an anaerobic rotating biological contactor (AnRBC) fed with a low ratio of C/N synthetic wastewater. Operated in a single point feed mode, the AnRBC removed 92.1% (n = 126) of the influent N at the highest surface load of 12 g/(m².day). The biomass increased by 25% and 17.1 g/(m².day) of maximum N removal surface load was achieved by elevating flow rate with another feed point. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the Anammox genus Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis dominated the community. Both Anammox and denitrifying activity were detected in biofilm by the application of microelectrodes. In the outer layer of the biofilm (0-2500 μupm), nitrite and ammonium consumed simultaneously in a ratio of 1.12/1, revealing the occurrence of Anammox. In the inner layer (> 2500 μupm), a decrease of nitrate was caused by denitrification in the absence of nitrite and ammonium.     

10kV环网柜二次控制回路数字化控制器的设计

传统10kV环网柜的二次控制回路由接触器、继电器等模拟电路组合而成,因银川地区风沙、凝露、灰尘等因素使得传统10kV环网柜二次控制回路故障率高、维修频繁,导致配电自动化“三遥”指标低。为解决环境因素造成的“三遥”指标低的问题,提出了利用数字信号处理器(DSP)替代传统模拟控制回路中的大部分逻辑电路,利用无触点功率半导体电力开关替代接触器功能的数字化控制器方案。从数字化控制器外接线设计及技术原理,控制器硬件电路设计以及软件设计三个方面对方案进行详细介绍。通过研制样机和现场运行验证了方案的正确性与可行性,彻底解决了10 kV环网柜二次控制回路故障率高的问题,有效提升配电自动化“三遥”指标。     

Control Strategy Optimization for Attainment and Exposure Mitigation: Case Study for Ozone in Macon, Georgia

Implementation of more stringent 8-hour ozone standards has led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to designate nonattainment status to 474 counties nationwide, many of which had never previously violated air quality standards. As states select emission control measures to achieve attainment in these regions, their choices pose significant implications to local economies and the health of their citizens. Considering a case study of one such nonattainment region, Macon, Georgia, we develop a menu of potential controls that could be implemented locally or in neighboring parts of the state. The control menu offers the potential to control about 20–35% of ozone precursor emissions in most Georgia regions, but marginal costs increase rapidly beyond 15–20%. We link high-order ozone sensitivities with the control menu to identify cost-optimized strategies for achieving attainment and for alternative goals such as reducing spatially averaged or population-weighted ozone concentrations. Strategies targeted toward attainment of Macon ozone would prioritize local reductions of nitrogen oxides, whereas controls in the more densely populated Atlanta region are shown to be more effective for reducing statewide potential population exposure to ozone. A U.S. EPA-sanctioned approach for demonstrating ozone attainment with photochemical models is shown to be highly dependent on the choice of a baseline period and may not foster optimal strategies for assuring attainment and protecting human health.