静电旋风水膜除尘系统电晕极优化实验研究*

为了研究电晕极结构对静电旋风水膜除尘系统的影响,采用逐步优化法,对比十字形芒刺电晕极和笼式环形电晕极在不同横向极距、纵向极距、芒刺数下对电场特性的影响。研究结果表明:经优化后,加入芒刺的笼式环形电晕极放电能力优于未加入芒刺的笼式环形电晕极和十字形芒刺电晕极,并在与水膜共同作用时具有较高的除尘效率,其结构参数为:从上至下4层圆环半径依次为107,80,54,28 mm;相邻圆环纵向极距为150 mm,圆环与集尘极的横向极距为90 mm;半径最小圆环上芒刺数为8根,其直径为2 mm,长度为10 mm。优化后的电晕极结构与水膜作用有助于提升静电旋风水膜除尘系统的除尘效率。     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

Start-up of PN-anammox system under low inoculation quantity and its restoration after low-loading rate shock

• PN-A was start-up under low inoculation amount and a higher NRR was achieved. • PN-anammox system was successfully restored by aggressive sludge discharge. • Increase in granular sludge was the important factor to rapid recovery. • Enrichment of AOB and AnAOB in granular sludge favors the stable operation. Partial nitritation (PN)-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a promising pathway for the biological treatment of wastewater. However, the destruction of the system caused by excessive accumulation of nitrate in long-term operation remains a challenge. In this study, PN-anammox was initialized with low inoculation quantity in an air-lift reactor. The nitrogen removal rate of 0.71 kgN/(m³·d) was obtained, which was far higher than the seed sludge (0.3 kgN/(m³·d)). Thereafter, excess nitrate build-up was observed under low-loading conditions, and recovery strategies for the PN-anammox system were investigated. Experimental results suggest that increasing the nitrogen loading rate as well as the concentration of free ammonium failed to effectively suppress the nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) after the PN-anammox system was disrupted. Afterwards, effluent back-flow was added into the reactor to control the up-flow velocity. As a result, an aggressive discharge of sludge that promoted the synergetic growth of functional bacteria was achieved, leading to the successful restoration of the PN-anammox system. The partial nitritation and anammox activity were in balance, and an increase in nitrogen removal rate up to 1.07 kgN/(m³·d) was obtained with a nitrogen removal efficiency of 82.4% after recovery. Besides, the proportion of granular sludge (over 200 mm) increased from 33.67% to 82.82%. Ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB) along with anammox bacteria were enriched in the granular sludge during the recovery period, which was crucial for the recovery and stable operation of the PN-anammox system.     

Optimization of phosphorus removal in uniFed SBR system for domestic wastewater treatment

The characteristic of phosphorus removal and appropriate change of the traditional operation modes were investigated in UniFed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) laboratory-scale apparatus (40 L), treating actual domestic wastewater with low ratios of C/N (2.57) and C/P (30.18), providing theoretical basis for actual application of wastewater treatment plant. UniFed SBR system with its unique operation mode had the distinct superiority of phosphorus removal. On this occasion, the effect of volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and the method of influent introduction for phosphorus removal were studied. When the carbon source became the limiting factor to phosphorus release, the higher the VER, the lower the phosphorus concentration in the effluent. Three different influent patterns, including one-time filling, four-time filling, and continuous filling with the same quantity of wastewater could increase the release rate of anaerobic phosphorus from 0.082 to 0.143 mg·P·(L·min)^-1. Appropriate change of the traditional operation modes could optimize the efficiency of phosphorus removal. When the feed/ decant time was extended from 2 h to 4 h, the phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 59.93% to 88.45% without any external carbon source. In the mode of alternation of anoxic-aerobic (A/O) condition, phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 55.07% to 72.27% clearly. The carbon source in the influent can be used adequately, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was carried out in anoxic stage 2 (A2). This mode was optimal for the treatment of actual domestic wastewater with low C/N and C/P ratios.     

厌氧-往复好氧组合式工业废水处理新工艺

厌氧 往复好氧组合式工艺是针对我国传统的工业废水生物处理方式投资高、占地大、自动化程度低的实际状况而开发的一种高效、经济的废水处理新工艺。以该工艺装置处理啤酒废水的试验结果表明 ,厌氧 往复好氧组合式工艺去除有机物以及脱氮除磷的效果较好 ,同时还具有经常性运转费用低 ,投资省 ,占地面积小等特点     

SBR分段进水工艺提高污水厂的脱氮效率

研究了SBR分段进水工艺用于污水厂升级改造并提高脱氮效率的方法,通过对昆明某污水厂实际运行工艺的实际调研,决定从运行模式、进水方式和排水比变化三方面用SBR研究影响脱氮效率的因素。结果表明,将原工艺2次搅拌、2次曝气的运行模式改为1次搅拌、1次曝气,会改善原模式下第2次搅拌过程中无反硝化反应的状况,提高系统的总氮去除率;将原工艺连续进水的方式改变为间歇进水,系统的脱氮效率提高了5%以上;分3个阶段研究了排水比在20%~40%之间变化对总氮去除率的影响,每阶段2个反应器的对比实验发现,排水比变大相应的总氮去除率升高,但当排水比为35%和40%时系统出水中会有较高浓度的氨氮,因此,排水比为30%最为合宜。     

Achieving nitritation at low temperatures using free ammonia inhibition on Nitrobacter and real-time control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

Free ammonia(FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidized bacteria(NOB) and real-time control are used to achieve nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via nitrite pathway at low temperatures in sequencing batch reactor. The inhibition of FA on NOB activity during the aerobic period was prolonged using real-time control. The degree of nitrite accumulation was monitored along with variations of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NOB population using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. It is demonstrated that the end-point of ammonia oxidization is detected from the on-line measured dissolved oxygen,oxidization–reduction potential, and p H signals, which could avoid the loss the FA inhibition on NOB caused by excess aeration. At low temperature(13.0–17.6°C), the level of nitrite pathway rapidly increased from 19.8% to 90%, suggesting that nitritation was successfully started up at low temperature by applying syntrophic association of the FA inhibition and real-time control, and then this high level of nitrite pathway was stably maintained for as long as 233 days. Mechanism analysis shows that the establishment of nitritation was primarily the result of predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria developed in the nitrifying bacteria population compared to NOB. This was mainly due to a gradual reduction of nitrite amount that is available to provide energy for the growth of NOB,eventually leading to the elimination of NOB from the bacterial clusters in sequencing batch reactor sludge system.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

分子生物学技术在污水处理微生物检测中的应用

对现代分子生物学技术在污水生物处理系统微生物检测和群落分析中的应用进行了系统总结,重点对应用较多的PCR技术、FLSH技术进行了介绍并对其优缺点进行了探讨.通过对生物处理系统中微生物检测和生态学研究,可以分析确定系统中功能微生物的数量,群体结构和活性,从而实现构建人工强化生态系统,提高废水生物处理效率的目的.分析认为,以DNA序列和相关的结构基因为基础的分子生物学技术已经在污水生物处理系统的种群分析方面得到了广泛和成功的应用,而且必将会对深入认识和优化污水生物处理过程,加快新工艺的开发和应用以及强化处理工艺的过程控制方面起到更大的作用.     

SBR工艺交替硝化反硝化运行方式的可行性研究

将交替好氧、缺氧运行方式应用于间歇式污水处理系统(SBR工艺),分别在原水碱度充足和碱度不足情况下考察该运行方式的可行性．结果表明：原水碱度充足时,交替硝化反硝化的运行方式在处理效率上并没有体现出优势;原水碱度不足时,交替硝化反硝化与传统硝化反硝化相比,处理效率与出水水质明显提高,出水氨氮可以达到检测水平．当原水碱度的不足量低于所需碱度理论值的1／3时,采取交替硝化反硝化,无需额外补充碱度就可以达到原水碱度充足情况下的处理效率．如果原水碱度的不足量已超过1／3,采取交替硝化反硝化可最大限度节省额外投加碱度的量,降低处理成本,是一种理想的运行方式．