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51.
Sou N. Matsunaga Satoru Chatani Tazuko Morikawa Seiji Nakatsuka Jeeranut Suthawaree Yosuke Tajima Shungo Kato Yoshizumi Kajii Hiroaki Minoura 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4982-4993
Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are known to have an important role on air quality due to their high reactivity. NMHC analysis has been performed on 148 ambient air samples collected at five different sites in the Kanto area (Tokyo metropolitan area and surrounding six prefectures) of Japan in summer and winter of 2008, and fifty NMHCs have been determined and quantified. A field measurement campaign has been conducted at one of the busiest intersections in Tokyo metropolitan area in winter of 2008. NMHC emissions are evaluated through comparison of distributions of individual NMHCs emitted from motor vehicles, which are estimated from the measurements, with those determined from the current emissions inventory. The comparison revealed that the measured distributions of acetylene, ethylene and toluene showed a good agreement with those estimated from the emissions inventory (the values estimated from the measurements are a factor of 1.5, 0.56 and 2.3 larger than the emissions inventory in median, respectively), however, propane and isobutane are found to be significantly underestimated in the emissions inventory (the measured values were a factor of 18 and 5.1 larger than the emissions inventory, respectively). The significant underestimate of propane can be explained by that the current emissions inventory does not consider emissions from liquefied propane gas (LPG) fueled vehicles. However, for isobutane, reasons for the underestimate are still unclear. Another field measurement has been conducted in summer of 2008, where the air samples have been collected at three different sites on the ground and by a helicopter as well. Remarkable high concentrations of 1-butene and cis- and trans-2-butenes have been sporadically observed in the samples collected at Urayasu in the coastal area of Tokyo bay. Calculated propylene equivalent (PE) concentrations of butenes revealed that those have a significantly important role in ozone formation when the air plume is affected by emissions from their emission sources. The PE concentrations of butenes varied from 0.1 to 39 ppbC, and accounted for 1.5–75% of total PE concentrations at Urayasu. Most of the continuous air quality monitoring stations does not record concentrations of individual hydrocarbons, therefore, the importance of reactive and low concentration hydrocarbon such as butenes might be overlooked in the current emissions inventory and/or air quality model. In this paper, the reliability of NMHC emissions is evaluated based on the field measurements. Their possible impacts on air quality in the Kanto area are discussed as well, based on the calculated propylene equivalent concentrations. 相似文献
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53.
Jun Shishido Keiko Yoshii Yoshihiro Takubo Koji Yamamoto Takeshi Yamamoto Yoshiko Kato Tsutomu Nishihara Masaomi Kondo 《Chemosphere》1984,13(2):321-330
A retrieval system of mass spectra based upon the Probability Based Matching method was studied in order to apply it to survey the chemicals in environments by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system. As retrieval indices, peak missing probability and relative confidence value were proposed. 相似文献
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55.
There is little information on the effort put into foraging by seabirds, even though it is fundamental to many issues in behavioural ecology. Recent researchers have used changes in the underwater cruising speed of penguins to allude to prey ingestion since accelerations are thought to reflect the encounter and pursuit of prey. In this study, we attached minute accelerometers, to determine flipper beat frequency as a proxy for prey pursuit, to Little Penguins Eudyptula minor foraging in shallow waters in Western Australia. During diving, Little Penguins flapped continuously and at a regular pace of 3.16 Hz while descending the water column and throughout the bottom phase of most dives. However, the frequency and amplitude of wingbeats increased transitorily, reaching 3.5–5.5 Hz, during some dives indicating prey pursuit. Pursuit phases lasted a mean of 2.9±3.3 s and occurred principally during the bottom phases of dives (75.4%). Most dives in all birds (86%) had a clear square-shaped depth profile indicating feeding activity near the seabed in the shallow waters of the bays. Hourly maximum depth, time spent underwater, percentage of dives with pursuit events and catch per unit effort showed an overall increase from zero at ca. 0500 h to a maximum during the hours around mid-day before decreasing to zero by 1900 h. During pursuit phases, Little Penguins headed predominantly downward, probably using the seabed to assist them in trapping their prey. In the light of our results, we discuss depth use by Little Penguins and their allocation of foraging effort and prey capture success as a function of environmental conditions. 相似文献
56.
Curvemysella paula is a markedly crescent-shaped bivalve that lives inside snail shells occupied by hermit crabs. Here, we describe the unique
symbiotic life, growth pattern, and reproductive biology of this bivalve, based on specimens collected from the shallow, muddy
bottom of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. C. paula was found attached to columellae in the siphonal canal, mainly of nassariid snail shells occupied by two types of hermit
crabs: Diogenes edwardsii (Diogenidae) and Spiropagurus spiriger (Paguridae). The crescent-shaped shell of C. paula is an adaptation to symbiotic life in the narrow interspace between the snail shell and the hermit-crab abdomen. C. paula is a protandric hermaphrodite. In our samples, each host snail shell harbored one (or rarely a few) large female and several
males. All the female bivalves settled on the host shells with their anterior end facing outward and benefited from currents
created by the hermit crab when feeding. In the muddy bottom, snail shells are a limited resource for both the hermit crabs
and symbiotic bivalves. The bivalves benefit from the mobility of the hermit crabs, which prevent the shells from becoming
buried in the mud. C. paula represents the only example of obligate commensalism with hermit crabs found in Bivalvia. 相似文献
57.
Further study on the photochemistry of non-ortho substituted PCBs by UV irradiation in alkaline 2-propanol 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The photochemical behaviors of six non-ortho substituted PCB congeners, i.e., 3,4-DiCB, 3,5-DiCB, 3,3',5-TriCB, 3,4,5-TriCB, 3,3',4,5-TetraCB, and 3,4,4',5-TetraCB, irradiated at 254 nm in alkaline 2-propanol were investigated. Besides the determination of the photodechlorination pathways of these compounds, the presence of photorearrangement was observed in the case of 3, 4-DiCB with its products being identified. The results indicate that dechlorination is much more important than rearrangement during the process of PCB photolysis. 相似文献
58.
Hiroshi Urushitani Yoshinao Katsu Yasuhiko Kato Osamu Tooi Noriaki Santo Yukio Kawashima Yasuhiko Ohta Yumi Kisaka Anke Lange Charles R Tyler Rodney D Johnson Taisen Iguchi 《Environmental sciences》2007,14(5):211-233
Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) has been widely used for the evaluation of the toxicity of endocrine active chemicals (EACs) and other chemicals as well as for monitoring the adverse effects of effluent discharges in relation to sexual development and function. It is useful for these evaluations for many reasons including the following: 1) it has a short life cycle facilitating studies extending over long phases of development and over multigenerations, 2) it is easy to rear, 3) male and female phenotypes can easily be distinguished on the basis of secondary sex characteristics, and 4) a genetic marker (DMY) is available for identifying the true genotypic sex. Several biomarkers have been found to be useful for identifying the effects of exposure to estrogenic and androgenic chemicals in medaka and they include increased levels of hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) and testis-ova induction in males for exposure to estrogenic chemicals, and decreased levels of hepatic VTG in females and an altered morphology of dorsal and anal fins and formation of papillae for androgenic chemicals. In this paper, we present a critical analysis of the use of medaka as a test species for studies of endocrine disruption and report on the use of sex-related genetic markers and alterations in gonadal development, including the induction of testis-ova formation, for assessing the disruptive effects of EACs. In this paper, we focus on some of the more recent studies and findings. 相似文献
59.
Jun-ichi Kadokawa Kanako Hirohama Shozaburo Mine Takeshi Kato Kazuya Yamamoto 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(1):37-42
In this study, we performed the facile preparation of chitin/cellulose composite films using two ionic liquids, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium
bromide (AMIMBr) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl); the former dissolves chitin and the latter dissolves cellulose.
First, solutions of chitin in AMIMBr and cellulose in BMIMCl were individually prepared by heating each mixture at 100 °C
for 24 h. Then, the homogeneous mixture of the two solutions was thinly casted on a glass plate, followed by standing at room
temperature for 2 h. After the material was subjected to successive Soxhlet extractions with ethanol for 12 h and with water
for 12 h, the residue was dried at room temperature to give a composite film. The crystalline structures of the polysaccharides
were evaluated by the X-ray diffraction measurement. Furthermore, the thermal stability and mechanical property of the resulting
composite film were estimated by the thermal gravimetric analysis measurement and tensile testing, respectively. 相似文献
60.
Manuelle Cottin Ben Raymond Akiko Kato Fran?oise Amélineau Yvon Le Maho Thierry Raclot Ben Galton-Fenzi Andrew Meijers Yan Ropert-Coudert 《Marine Biology》2012,159(8):1843-1852
Knowledge of habitat use by top marine predators in response to environmental conditions is crucial in the current context of global changes occurring in the Southern Ocean. We examined the at-sea locations of male Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at Dumont d’Urville during their first, long incubation trip. Compared with the chick-rearing period, penguins performed longer trips, going to oceanic waters as far as 320 km from the colony. We observed 3 strategies: (1) five individuals covered large distances to the north, targeting open-ocean areas and following the currents of two persistent eddies; (2) five individuals foraged to the north-west, close to the Antarctic shelf slope at the limit of the pack ice; and (3) three individuals covered much shorter distances (northwards or eastwards). The foraging range also seemed to be limited by the body condition of the penguins before their departure to sea. 相似文献