Pilot study of the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans level in agricultural soil in Shanghai, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were analyzed in agricultural soil samples from Shanghai to determine levels and to identify possible dioxin sources. The dioxin level was measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, US EPA 4025 (modified), which provides results as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents. The Method 4025m results obtained from 60 soil samples displayed a normal distribution, ranging from 2.8 to 23.4 pg/g 2378-TCDD-equvalents, with an average of 11.0 pg/g. The result also revealed a similar PCDD/Fs concentration among crop usage patterns, but differences by geographic region, low in the southwest of Shanghai and considerably higher in the northwest region. In contrast, the dioxin concentrations on Chongming Island were fairly homogeneous, with a range 10–15 pg/g. This immunoassay method is an effective high throughput screening tool which helps to minimize the need for more expensive analyses.     

The Metallic Composition of Aerosols at Three Monitoring Sites in Korea During Winter 2002

In the present study, the distribution patterns of various metals were analyzed and compared using PM samples collected concurrently from three monitoring sites located in Korea (Seoul, Busan, and Jeju island) in December 2002. As these sites can represent metal pollution with different degrees of anthropogenic activities, their concentration levels were distinguished in a systematic manner in the order of Jeju, Busan, and Seoul. By comparing the present data sets with those measured previously from other locations in Korea and around the world, we attempted to diagnose the general status of elemental pollution on the Korean peninsula. Through an application of different statistical approaches, the major processes controlling elemental levels were assessed for each of the three study sites. The results indicated the importance of both crustal and anthropogenic sources in all sites with their relative roles varying significantly from each other. The results of the metal analysis data, when examined in relation to back trajectory analysis, confirmed that their concentration changes are affected quite sensitively with air mass movement patterns. The overall results of this study consistently indicated the contribution of a strong anthropogenic source area (e.g., China) to the observed metal concentration levels in the study area, but the strengths of such signals vary considerably across the Korean peninsula.     

Time-course uptake and elimination of benzo(a)pyrene and its damage to reproduction and ensuing reproductive outputs of Pacific oyster, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea gigas</Emphasis>

The time-course of uptake and elimination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) for the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas and reproduction damage and reproductive outputs were studied. Sexually immature C. gigas broodstock were fed for 28 days with live algae grown in four BaP solutions of 0, 50, 500, and 5,000 μg L⁻¹ (hereafter, control, 50, 500, and 5,000 oysters) and were subsequently conditioned to maturation by a feeding with BaP-free live algae under temperature manipulation for another 28 days. The 5,000 μg L⁻¹ oysters gained a steady state concentration, around 30,000 ng g⁻¹ d.w. for digestive gland, a week earlier compared to the 500 μg L⁻¹ oysters. The earlier gain or longer persistence of the steady state concentration influenced elimination of BaP, with an eliminating trend for 500 μg L⁻¹ oysters, while no elimination for 5,000 μg L⁻¹ oysters. The maternal persistence of the steady state concentration resulted in significant damages in the reproductive success and their reproductive outputs in terms of the hatching rate and larval growth, survival, and settlement. The 50 μg L⁻¹ oysters remained far below the steady state concentration, and showed a manifest eliminating behavior during the subsequent BaP-free 28 day maturation period. The reproductive success and initial larval events of 50 μg L⁻¹ oysters were comparable to those of control. However, the damage potential of the 50 μg L⁻¹ oysters might be more significant if their maternal exposure continued beyond 28 days, since the accumulation profile at this dose was linear.     

顺式和反式氯丹在家鸡体内的分布和转运

通过工业氯丹口服暴露实验,研究了顺式氯丹(CC)和反式氯丹(TC)在家鸡体内的吸收、代谢、排泄和在各个器官组织内富集的动态过程.分别测定了未暴露个体和一次性暴露后60、120、160、200、300、500、1000和2000min时脑、肝、肠、肌肉、皮、脂肪等组织和器官样品以及胃部和肠道残余物、排泄物中的氯丹含量.研究发现,暴露2000min后,95%以上的氯丹通过代谢途径被消除,只有少量氯丹通过排泄方式被消除;体内氯丹的消除满足一级反应动力学.研究还发现,在代谢过程中,反式氯丹快于顺式氯丹.另外,在吸收和代谢的过程中,有明显的手性特征,(+)-CC和(-)-TC更易被消除,但各个器官组织存在明显差异.     

Microplastic pollution in freshwater systems in Southeast Asia: contamination levels,sources, and ecological impacts

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Plastics are synthetic polymers known for their outstanding durability and versatility, and have replaced traditional materials in many applications....     

基于PFC对含断续节理岩质边坡静力荷载下破坏形式的研究

在含断续节理岩质边坡的破坏中,阶梯状破坏尤其显著,是一种常见的失稳破坏形式。借助二维颗粒流软件(PFC2D5.0)进行简单地质结构模型下的边坡数值模拟,通过采用PFC软件中的人工合成岩体技术,研究了7种不同组合形式下含断续节理岩质边坡的破坏形式及其内部微观接触力场的演变规律。首先对PFC软件中采用的微观力学性质参数进行了验证模拟,通过对完整岩块进行双轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验的模拟,得出其应力-应变曲线和强度包络线,从而计算出完整岩块的内聚力、内摩擦角等宏观力学参数;然后通过对含裂隙的颗粒集合体进行直剪试验的模拟,得出其剪应力-剪切位移曲线以及峰值强度和残余强度与正应力的关系曲线,从而计算出裂隙的内聚力和内摩擦角;最后对含上述微观力学性质参数的边坡进行静力荷载下破坏形式的模拟,得出裂隙萌生前应力集中、裂隙萌生后应力释放,以及可将潜在滑动面上方的坡体位移分成4个区,即坡脚处最大位移区、坡肩处较大位移区、坡体内部较小位移区、坡体后缘最小位移区,并验证了萌生的裂隙一般会近垂直于岩桥向坡体表面扩展,切割潜在滑动面以上坡体。     

近代我国海潮灾害的时空特征与等级

本文根据相关历史资料,对近代我国海潮灾害的时空特征、灾害等级等进行了初步研究。据不完全统计,近代我国共发生海潮灾害147次,平均每年发生1.34次,以一般海潮灾害为主,在前期记载较多,后期较少;多在秋季爆发,且月份集中在6、7、8月,具有明显的季节性、普遍性、连续性和集中性等特征;我国的东海是海潮灾害的频发区。     

Predicting the transfer of 137Cs to rice plants by a dynamic compartment model with a consideration of the soil properties

The factors governing chlorine transfer from Phaeozem and Greyzem soils to various important crop species (foodstuff and forage) were determined in natural conditions in the Kiev region of Ukraine. The stable chlorine concentration ratio (CR) values were the lowest in apple (0.5+/-0.3) and strawberry (2+/-1), higher in vegetables (5+/-3), seeds (15+/-7) and reached a maximum in straw (187+/-90). The average CR values of 36Cl were estimated for the most important crops using all experimental data on 36Cl and stable chlorine transfer into plants from various soils. It was experimentally shown that boiling potatoes in water leads to an equilibrium between 36Cl specific content in the water and moisture in the cooked potato. The 36Cl processing factor (PF) for boiling various foodstuffs is equal to the ratio of water mass in the cooked foodstuff to the total water mass (in the food and the decoction). 36Cl PF for cereal flour can be estimated as 1. The 36Cl processing factor for dairy products is equal to the ratio of residual water mass in the product to initial water mass in milk. At a 36Cl specific activity in soil of 1 Bq kg-1, the estimated annual dietary 36Cl intake into human organism (adult man) is about 10 kBq. Sixty to seventy percent of the above amount will be taken in via milk and dairy products, 7-16% via meat, 14-16% via bread and bakery items and 8-12% via vegetables. The highest annual 36Cl intake, 10.7 kBq, is predicted for 1-year-old children. The expected effective doses from annual 36Cl intake are higher for younger age groups, increasing from 0.008 mSv in adults to 0.12 mSv in 1-year-old children.     

Ambient air monitoring of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs in Gyeonggi-do, Korea

We started the monitoring for PCDD/Fs in ambient air and soil in August 2001, and co-PCBs in January 2002. Decreasing of PCDD/Fs and co-PCBs levels in ambient air were observed. The higher PCDD/Fs levels were found in winter and lower in autumn. We found that the industrial incinerators influenced the PCDD/Fs levels in ambient air. In the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentration profiles, the three major congeners occupied 67% of the total mass. In case of co-PCBs, PCB#118, #105 and #77 were observed as the main congeners. Five cluster groups discriminated by ratio of four components, O(8)CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H(7)CDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H(7)CDF and O(8)CDF, were obtained from HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis).