硫化物对亚硝化污泥的活性抑制研究

污水厂进水或厌氧单元出水中的硫化物会对污水处理工艺的硝化反应过程产生潜在抑制作用,认识和调控硫化物对活性污泥生化反应过程的影响对污水厂工艺的发展具有重要意义.亚硝化过程对于保障污水工艺氮的去除至关重要,本研究以硫化物对亚硝化过程的影响为研究对象,探讨相关影响过程的特征和发生机制.同时,选择不同典型浓度范围的硫化物和不同存在状态对亚硝化过程的影响开展研究.结果表明,硫化物浓度由10 mg·L~(-1)提高到30 mg·L~(-1),氨氧化抑制率由16.3%提高到40%,但随着硫化物浓度进一步升高,氨氧化抑制率上升并不明显.进一步通过硫化物对羟胺氧化反应的影响实验发现,硫化物导致羟胺氧化速率下降要大于氨氧化阶段.同时系统内硫化物耗尽后,氨氧化反应和羟胺氧化反应均不能完全恢复.铁盐作为常见的硫化物去除剂,铁盐加入后并未能够有效消除硫化物对亚硝化过程的抑制.     

深圳大学城园区典型OVOCs污染特征与来源解析

采用质子转移反应质谱仪（PTR-MS）对深圳大学城园区2017年不同季节（分干湿两季）的6种典型OVOCs和其他非甲烷烃类（NMHCs）进行连续在线监测,分析其干湿季的浓度特征与日变化规律,并应用光化学龄的参数化方法开展OVOCs的来源解析.结果表明,在观测的6种OVOCs中,甲醇的平均浓度最高,达10×10^-9~12×10^-9,其次是乙酸、丙酮和乙醛,约2~5×10^-9,甲酸和丁酮的含量最低,仅1×10^-9~2×10^-9.通过日变化观察到的OVOCs湿季峰值浓度时间明显早于干季,乙醛表现出与臭氧（O₃）相似的日变化特征,揭示了其可能存在二次来源;甲醇和丁酮的峰值浓度时间均早于O₃,可能存在重要的一次排放源.采用光化学龄模型解析出日间污染物来源比例：在污染较重的干季,甲醇、乙醛、丙酮和丁酮的人为一次源占主导,甲酸和乙酸的二次源是主要贡献者;在较清洁的湿季,天然源成为乙醛、丙酮、丁酮、甲酸和乙酸的主要来源.     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

北京冬春和夏初季节大气O3浓度的垂直分布特征

为探究北京地区不同季节大气O₃浓度垂直分布特征,于2010年12月1日—2011年3月31日（冬春季）和2011年5月7日—6月9日（夏初）,在北京北部地区的中国环境科学研究院内,利用第三代移动式大气环境激光雷达系统,对$\varphi $（SO₂）、$\varphi $（NO₂）以及$\varphi $（O₃）和气溶胶后向散射系数垂直方向和垂直剖面进行试验观测,并结合天气要素的变化进行了分析研究.结果表明:①$\varphi $（O₃）存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏季>春季>冬季,同时晴天、微风、逆温条件等气象背景是O₃污染过程出现的主要气象因素,在微风和南风的情况下,会出现高$\varphi $（O₃）带,在北风影响情况下,$\varphi $（O₃）相对较低,雨水冲洗的作用对$\varphi $（O₃）分布也有明显的影响;②$\varphi $（O₃）的日变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,$\varphi $（O₃）峰值一般出现在14:00—18:00之间,谷值则出现在22:00—翌日09:00之间;③$\varphi $（O₃）垂直分布呈现单峰、双峰、多峰型分布等多种垂直分布特征,10 km以上高空这3种分布特征均有出现,但是在5 km以下的近地面$\varphi $（O₃）垂直和斜程分布基本呈现多峰型,斜程方向上$\varphi $（O₃）的高低与下垫面及其所排放的O₃前体物有密切的关系;④$\varphi $（O₃）垂直分布呈现一定的不均匀性,其数值范围浮动比较小,最大值之间相差30×10-9.研究显示,$\varphi $（O₃）垂直规律主要表现出两种分布特征,一种是在3~5 km处有高浓度的堆积区,另一种则没有明显高值堆积区.      

微型反应柱在含铬废水处理试验研究中的应用

针对镀铬车间废水,采用活性炭吸附处理法对Cr6 和Cr3 的去除效果进行了系统的试验.通过微型反应柱集成装置对穿透时间、吸附容量及活性炭再生方法进行了研究,动态试验表明该装置能有效地处理含铬废水.     

我国区域大气污染防治协作历程与展望

建立横向跨区域大气治理的联防联控协调机制是解决区域性大气污染的重要手段。我国自20世纪90年代开始探索通过区域协作解决区域性大气污染问题，经过30多年的发展，区域大气协作取得阶段性成效，但是区域协作的内在动力和持续性不足，难以满足未来区域大气环境管理需求。本文从理念形成、实践探索、机制完善等层面系统回顾了我国区域大气污染防治协作发展历程，结合“大气十条”以来重点区域联防联控工作重点和机制创新，总结了空气质量改善、统一标准体系建设、重污染天气应急体系建设、环境监管模式创新、科技支撑等方面取得的主要成效。基于未来我国区域大气环境管理需求，从综合管理体系、立法保障、规划统筹、信息共享等方面提出进一步完善的对策建议。     

Estimating Floodwater Depths from Flood Inundation Maps and Topography

Information on flood inundation extent is important for understanding societal exposure, water storage volumes, flood wave attenuation, future flood hazard, and other variables. A number of organizations now provide flood inundation maps based on satellite remote sensing. These data products can efficiently and accurately provide the areal extent of a flood event, but do not provide floodwater depth, an important attribute for first responders and damage assessment. Here we present a new methodology and a GIS‐based tool, the Floodwater Depth Estimation Tool (FwDET), for estimating floodwater depth based solely on an inundation map and a digital elevation model (DEM). We compare the FwDET results against water depth maps derived from hydraulic simulation of two flood events, a large‐scale event for which we use medium resolution input layer (10 m) and a small‐scale event for which we use a high‐resolution (LiDAR; 1 m) input. Further testing is performed for two inundation maps with a number of challenging features that include a narrow valley, a large reservoir, and an urban setting. The results show FwDET can accurately calculate floodwater depth for diverse flooding scenarios but also leads to considerable bias in locations where the inundation extent does not align well with the DEM. In these locations, manual adjustment or higher spatial resolution input is required.     

低渗透介质中轻非水相流体迁移转化规律

本文利用COMSOL软件建立轻非水相流体(LNAPL)纵向迁移转化模型,采用有限单元法进行求解,预测污染物分布规律,并利用局部分析法进行参数敏感性分析.结果表明,大部分LNAPL会在水面以上聚集形成高的质量分布峰值区域,少部分克服毛细压力向下迁移,在自由相迁移范围内,其溶解相浓度达到或接近饱和溶解度;当顶部污染源消失后...     

Purification and molecular weight distribution of a key exopolysaccharide component of Bacillus megaterium TF10

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are organic metabolic compounds excreted by microorganisms. They largely impact microbial aggregate structures and functions. Extracellular polysaccharides (EP) in EPS are responsible for the formation of microbial aggregates. In this work, we successfully separated and characterized EP from EPS of the bacterium Bacillus megaterium TF10. Extraction of EP from EPS was optimized using Sevag''s reagent. Chemical characteristics, functional groups, and molecular weight (MW) distribu-tion of EP were compared with the harvested EPS and soluble microbial products (SMP). We found that the polymers of lower MW and free proteins were successfully removed by Sevag''s reagent. The higher MW components of EPS were predominantly polysaccharides, while the polymers of lower MW tended to secrete to the supernatant and were described as SMP. A part of the proteins in the EP was polysaccharide-bonded. Our results can be further used in elucidating the complex flocculation mechanisms in which EP play a major role.