基于Landset TM/ETM 和HJ 1A/B影像的丹江口水库水域变化监测研究

位于湖北和河南两省交界的丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程的水源地,水库的水域变化监测与评估,对保障水库调水能力具有重要意义。收集了2002~2011年47幅Landsat TM/ETM和HJ 1A/B卫星遥感影像,采用基于阈值分割的归一化水体指数法（NDWI）提取了过去10 a的水库水域动态信息。结果表明：水库各月份平均水域面积从12月至次年3月,呈现下降趋势,而从3月到12月,呈现波动上升的趋势,最小水域面积出现在3月份,最大水域面积出现在12月份;由于受上游明显季节性降雨及水库运行管理的影响,丹江口水库丰水期（7月~次年1月）水域面积较枯水期（2月~6月）波动更为明显。而四季之中,春夏季节水库水域面积相对稳定,秋冬季节水域面积波动较大。针对枯水季节水库水量少的情况,管理部门应该加强监测力度,合理调蓄,保证水库的供水能力。从过去10 a整体来看,水库水域面积基本维持在300 km2以上,通过分析水库水域面积波动较小、影像积累最多的5月份遥感影像,发现水库水域面积呈现增长趋势,并且在枯水期、丰水期和过去10 a整体上都呈现了不同程度的增长趋势;此外,水库蓄水新增的水域面积主要集中在水库东、北部地区,应加强对这部分地区的生态恢复和环境监测     

小诺霉素发酵废水好氧生物处理试验研究

对具有强抑制性污染物的抗生素小诺霉素发酵废水，选择活性污泥、粉末活性炭（ＰＡＣＴ）、纯氧曝气等３种好氧生物处理法进行了比较试验。根据实验结果，小诺霉素发酵废水的生物降解呈抑制动力学，采用Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｔ方法对动力学模式进行参数估计。ＰＡＣＴ能够有效地降低降解过程中微生物受到的抑制作用，从而明显地改善了生物处理过程动力学。     

Microcystis aeruginosa/Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes interaction effects on off-flavors in algae/bacteria co-culture system under different temperatures

We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures(24, 28 and 32℃). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide(DMS), dimethyl trisulfide(DMTS),2-methylisoborneol, geosmin(GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa(first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa(after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.     

新型异养氨氧化菌的分离鉴定及氨氧化特性

从青岛海岸采集淤泥．通过富集培养,以硅胶平板点种分离．经纯化得到一株氨氧化菌H9菌株。该菌可以在营养培养基中生长,是一株异养氨氧化菌,经形态、生理生化特性、16SrRNA序列分析等初步鉴定该菌属于假诺卡氏菌属（Pseudonocardia sp．H9）。该菌株具有将氨氧化为硝酸的能力,明显不同于自养型的硝化作用过程需要亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌的密切协作才能把氨氧化成硝酸的特点。此外,该菌可以在无有机碳的培养基或在有机碳C／N达7或更高的培养基中氧化氨至硝酸;在亚硝化培养基与LB的混合培养基中,在LB占15％以下时,LB越高越有利于氨的氧化和菌的生长。该菌株的生长和氧化氨的最适温度为30℃;pH5．0～10．0,最适为8．0;氨离子摩尔浓度1～40mmol／L,最适为8mmol／L;氯化钠质量分数为0％～8％,最适为3．5％。由于该菌株具有以上的特性和优点．在污水的脱氮处理以及养殖海水的氨氮处理中有较高的应用前景,同时也是研究氨的生物氧化机制的理想菌株。     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

铁炭微电解处理丙烯腈模拟废水

为了破坏丙烯腈的氰基键(C≡N),降低丙烯腈废水的毒性,采用铁炭微电解系统处理浓度为100.0 mg/L的丙烯腈模拟废水。为了避免活性炭吸附的影响,建立铁炭微电解和活性炭对照试验两套系统。结果表明,铁炭微电解系统能够有效地分解转化丙烯腈,破坏丙烯腈分子结构中的氰基键(C≡N),降低其毒性。铁炭微电解处理丙烯腈废水时,主要依赖铁炭之间形成的自由氢基[H]和新生成的Fe²⁺的化学氧化还原作用分解转化丙烯腈,而活性炭仅具有一定的吸附能力。铁炭微电解系统能够使丙烯腈废水中氮的形式发生转变,而不具备脱氮能力。     

滇黔桂地区土壤有机碳储量与影响因素研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)库在陆地生态系统中具有重要作用.由于土壤剖面数量和采用的土壤图比例尺等的限制,目前土壤有机碳库估箅尚存在很大不确定性.为了提高SOC库估算的精确性,利用798个土壤剖面及1:50万土壤图估算了滇黔桂地区(云南省、贵州省和广西壮族自治区)的SOC储量,并采用逐步回归分析和通径分析方法分析了影响SOC密度的主要因子.结果表明,滇黔桂地区表土层(0-20 cm)和土壤剖面(0-100 cm)的SOC储量分别为4.39 Pg和10.91 Pg;SOC密度分别为56.2Mg·hm-2和139.8 Mg·hm-2.高于全国平均水平.环境因子(海拔、经度、纬度、气温和降雨)、成土母质和土地利用方式对表土层和土壤剖面SOC密度变异性的解释度分别为37.9%和30.7%;环境因子为影响SOC密度的主要因子.环境因子中.气温对SOC密度的影响大干降雨,其中气温和降雨的变化分别主要由海拔和纬度的变化引起的.除气温和降雨外,还有其它随海拔或经纬度而变化的因子也对SOC密度产生显著影响,这种影响要大于降雨的影响.     

Quality assessment of groundwater from the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula

Assessment of groundwater quality plays a significant role in the utilization of the scarce water resources globally and especially in arid regions. The increasing abstraction together with man-made contamination and seawater intrusion have strongly affected groundwater quality in the Arabia Peninsula, exemplified by the investigation given here from the United Arab Emirates, where the groundwater is seldom reviewed and assessed. In the aim of assessing current groundwater quality, we here present a comparison of chemical data linked to aquifers types. The results reveal that most of the investigated groundwater is not suitable for drinking, household, and agricultural purposes following the WHO permissible limits. Aquifer composition and climate have vital control on the water quality, with the carbonate aquifers contain the least potable water compared to the ophiolites and Quaternary clastics. Seawater intrusion along coastal regions has deteriorated the water quality and the phenomenon may become more intensive with future warming climate and rising sea level.     

浅谈小型餐饮服务业排污申报登记

简述了小型餐饮服务业的特点，指出排污申报登记制度落实难、废水中各污染物排放量核定难及申报登记表设计欠合理是小型餐饮服务业在排污申报登记中存在的主要问题。提出，应加大宣传力度，进一步提高餐饮服务业业主以及广大公民的环保意识；制定较合理的排污量核算系数，修订申报内容；实行《排污申报登记注册证》制度，强化执法力度，以促进小型餐饮服务业全面实施排污申报登记制度。