基于MCDA模型的危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险分级

基于对风险全过程控制的思想,利用层次分析法,构建了综合考虑危险废物填埋场自身属性、污染场地水文地质条件以及污染受体等因素的危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险分级指标体系,该体系共包括14项指标;并采用MCDA(multi-criteria decision analysis,多准则决策分析)模型,对我国37个危险废物填埋场(不包括港澳台数据,下同)地下水污染风险进行了分级研究. 结果表明:14项风险分级指标之间具有很好的独立性,指标体系能够较为完整、准确地反映危险废物填埋场对地下水的污染风险程度;37个危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险可分为高、中、低3个级别,其中81%处于中、低级风险级别;地下水中特征污染物ρ(Cr)监测值与风险分级分值的距平指数为0.802 9,验证了风险分级结果的可靠性;同时采用MDCA模型对风险分级指标权重的敏感性进行分析,验证了风险分级过程中指标权重赋值的准确性,并降低了指标权重赋值过程中的不确定性,进一步提高了分级结果的可靠性.风险分级结果在一定程度上可为危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险管理提供依据.      

苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析

2015年在苏州市城区采集大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共87套,用重量法分析了PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,离子色谱法分析了颗粒物中F-、Cl-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+),共9种水溶性无机离子.观测期间,苏州市PM_(2.5)的年均质量浓度为(74.26±38.01)μg·m-3,其季节特征为冬季春季秋季夏季;9种水溶性离子的总质量浓度为(43.95±23.60)μg·m~(-3),各离子的浓度高低顺序为NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)F-Mg~(2+);SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者的简称)是最主要的水溶性离子;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者之间具有显著的相关性,它们在PM_(2.5)中主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4的结合方式存在.苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要来源包括工业源、燃烧源、二次过程和建筑土壤尘等.     

上海秋冬季PM2.5污染天气形势的客观分型研究

通过分析2013—2015年上海地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度观测资料,发现11、12、1月3个月对PM_(2.5)年总浓度的贡献达到36.4%,对总污染日数的贡献达到50.4%,对PM_(2.5)环境质量的影响最显著.采用T-mode斜交旋转分解方法(PCT),对2012—2015每年11月、12月和次年1月的海平面气压场和10 m风场进行大样本客观分型研究,揭示了4种秋冬季上海PM_(2.5)易污染的天气环流类型,分别为冷锋(Cw)、高压后部弱气压场(WGh)、高压前部弱气压场(WGl和WGf).对上海而言,冷锋、高后弱气压、高前弱气压分别表现为有利于上游污染输送、本地静稳累积、以及本地积累和上游输送相叠加的天气学特征.对比2个典型污染月(2013年1月和12月)和清洁月(2014年11月和2015年11月)的逐日分型结果发现,Cw环流控制下污染输送对秋冬季上海PM_(2.5)环境质量影响显著,高前弱气压的维持是导致上海3次连续重度污染的重要原因.     

利用膜进样质谱连续走航测定表层海水O2/Ar比值和pCO2

利用HIDEN公司HPR40溶解气体质谱分析仪,通过实验探索和实际应用,建立了连续走航高频率同时测定海水中O₂、Ar和CO₂等多种气体的分析方法。通过选择硅树脂膜的循环水取样器、进样流量为220 mL/min、进样平衡温度低于海水2℃等实验条件,建立了船载连续走航系统,实现了利用膜进样质谱仪（MIMS）连续走航测定表层海水O₂/Ar比值和pCO₂。所用仪器稳定性良好,连续测定12 h大气鼓泡48 h后的海水样品获得O₂、Ar和CO₂的精密度分别为1.57%、3.75%和2.21%,O₂/Ar的精密度为2.61%;该方法的重复性好,10 d内绘制7条CO₂工作曲线斜率的相对标准偏差RSD=4.18%。应用该方法在南海北部陆坡19.8°N～20.8°N,114.7°E～115°E断面进行调查并取得了很好的效果,结果表明:该调查断面的生物氧过饱和量Δ（O₂/Ar）为0.56%±1.02%,其变化范围为-2.52%至3.34%,调查断面的pCO₂值为361.53±40.46μatm。该方法具有直接、快速、高时空分辨率测定多种溶解气体的优点,为认识多组分气体的高分辨时空分布格局,深入开展我国陆架边缘海生物过饱和氧、海洋群落净生产力和pCO₂动力学研究提供了新方法。     

土壤溶解性有机质荧光特征及其与铜的络合能力

选取4种不同类型土壤和腐熟鸡粪,透析提取溶解性有机质(DOM),通过凝胶色谱、三维荧光光谱测定并分析了DOM的相对分子质量(M_r)分布、化学结构特征及其与铜的结合能力.结果表明,鸡粪DOM相对分子质量积分面积远高于其他样品,表现出其具有较高的有机物含量,泥炭土次之.暗棕壤、褐土和黑土较低,仅为鸡粪积分面积的4.5%~5%.鸡粪在中分子量段积分面积约占总物质的34.1%,低分子量段和高分子量段分别约占41.7%和24.2%.荧光光谱分析表明,各样品均出现类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=240~270/300~350 nm),在中、高分子量段(M_r500)暗棕壤存在的荧光峰消失.泥炭土出现了较为独特的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰(E_x/E_m=325/420 nm),该荧光峰和黑土的荧光峰在中、高分子量段(M_r500)都产生了红移现象.鸡粪分别出现了和黑土类似的紫外区类富里酸荧光峰,以及和泥炭土类似的可见光区类富里酸荧光峰,以及一类独特的类蛋白荧光峰(E_x/E_m=280/350 nm),但这种类蛋白荧光峰在中分子量段(500M_r12 000)消失.分析表明泥炭土与Cu的络合常数(lg K)为4.13,其他3种土壤与Cu的络合常数较小且差别不大,集中在2.10~3.10之间.鸡粪与Cu的结合能力最大,络合常数达到6.66.     

Incorporating stakeholder decision support needs into an integrated regional Earth system model

A new modeling effort exploring the opportunities, constraints, and interactions between mitigation and adaptation at regional scale is utilizing stakeholder engagement in an innovative approach to guide model development and demonstration, including uncertainty characterization, to effectively inform regional decision making. This project, the integrated Regional Earth System Model (iRESM), employs structured stakeholder interactions and literature reviews to identify the most relevant adaptation and mitigation alternatives and decision criteria for each regional application of the framework. The information is used to identify important model capabilities and to provide a focus for numerical experiments. This paper presents the stakeholder research results from the first iRESM pilot region. The pilot region includes the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwest portion of the United States as well as other contiguous states. This geographic area (14 states in total) permits cohesive modeling of hydrologic systems while also providing strong gradients in climate, demography, land cover/land use, and energy supply and demand. The results from the stakeholder research indicate that, for this region, iRESM should prioritize addressing adaptation alternatives in the water resources, urban infrastructure, and agriculture sectors, including water conservation, expanded water quality monitoring, altered reservoir releases, lowered water intakes, urban infrastructure upgrades, increased electric power reserves in urban areas, and land use management/crop selection changes. For mitigation in this region, the stakeholder research implies that iRESM should focus on policies affecting the penetration of renewable energy technologies, and the costs and effectiveness of energy efficiency, bioenergy production, wind energy, and carbon capture and sequestration.     

黄土高原不同降水量区旱作苹果园地水分生产力和土壤干燥化效应模拟与比较

为了揭示黄土高原旱作苹果园深层土壤干燥化对果园产量的长远影响,确定果园适宜利用年限,应用WinEPIC模型定量模拟分析了1965—2009年黄土高原半湿润区洛川、半湿润易旱区白水、半干旱区延安、半干旱易旱区静宁等不同降水量区旱作苹果园地水分生产力演变和深层土壤水分动态变化规律,并比较了其区域差异。结果表明：洛川、白水、延安和静宁果园产量均呈现出“先逐年升高达到最大值,之后随当地降雨量变化而波动性降低”趋势,45 a平均值分别为26.05、23.89、22.29和20.51 t/hm²;1~20 a生果园平均年耗水量均高于同期年降水量,导致果园深层土壤干燥化强烈,洛川1~22 a生、白水1~21 a生、延安1~18 a生、静宁1~16 a生的土壤逐月有效含水量呈明显波动性降低趋势,年均土壤干燥化速率分别为59.6、56.9、63.9和64.9 mm/a,静宁>延安>洛川>白水,此后苹果园地土壤有效含水量在较低水平上随季节降水变化波动;洛川、白水、延安和静宁苹果园地0~15 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈,土壤湿度逐年降低,土壤干层出现时间分别为13 a生、11 a生、7 a生和6 a生,土壤干层逐年加厚,在20 a生时均已超过11 m,21 a生以后3~15 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态;4个试点果园水分生产力和土壤干燥化效应区域差异显著,果园土壤水分可持续利用年限为20~25 a。     

A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

基于循环特性的镍氢和锂离子电池环境影响机制分析

为了了解镍氢电池和锂离子电池在生产、使用、废弃或回收过程中的环境影响,建立了一种简单快速的二次电池环境影响机制分析方法。通过生命周期评价(LCA)方法,采用Eco-indicator99体系,综合考虑电池循环容量衰减和循环次数的影响,建立了二次电池环境影响机制分析模型,并运用此模型对两种实验用二次电池(镍氢电池和锂离子电池)的环境影响机制进行了研究。结果表明:1)在所选取的两种二次电池当中,锂离子(Li-ion)电池的环境影响明显比镍氢(Ni-MH)电池的低;2)随着循环次数的增加Li-ion电池环境影响衰减比Ni-MH电池的明显,即随着使用循环次数的增加,Li-ion电池对环境的影响会降低到更多。综合来说,所选取的Li-ion电池比Ni-MH电池更具环境可持续性。文中所提出的环境影响机制分析模型同样可以应用于其他二次电池,以期为环境友好型二次电池的开发提供帮助。