An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

L-半胱氨酸对酰胺类除草剂的离体脱氯反应与机制

研究了L-半胱氨酸与酰胺类除草剂的反应动力学、热力学及其机制.结果表明,L-半胱氨酸促进酰胺类除草剂的降解,该反应遵循二级动力学方程;除草剂降解速率同除草剂分子的亲电常数线性相关,降低顺序为甲草胺(kL-cysteine=7.65×10-3mol/(L×s))>乙草胺(kL-cysteine=7.23×10-3mol/(L×s))>丁草胺(kL-cysteine=6.01×10-3mol/(L×s))>S-异丙甲草胺(kL-cysteine=2.15×10-3mol/(L×s)),这与其土壤和高效菌降解速率顺序相一致;产物的质谱鉴定表明,L-半胱氨酸取代除草剂分子中氯原子.表明该反应为双分子亲核取代脱氯反应.热力学分析显示,该反应为焓控反应.除草剂间降解速率的差异性由熵变控制,且除草剂的降解速率与反应熵变(ΔS)具有良好的线性关系,ΔS数值越负,除草剂的降解速率越小.分子中N原子上的醚键取代基支链结构及链长度对反应速率影响较大,而芳环取代基结构没有明显影响.     

改性木质素磺酸盐煤炭抑尘剂的制备与研究

以木质素磺酸盐为主要原料,在50℃的反应条件下,与丙烯酸、氯化钙、四硼酸钠、甲基硅酸钠等发生化学反应,制备了一种铁路煤炭运输抑尘剂,并分别对抑尘剂的部分性能进行评价。结果表明:该产品所能承受的平均压力为7.105 N,2 min的水蚀率为2.1%,初始侵蚀风速为130 km/h,完全能够满足铁路煤炭运输的需求,避免煤炭在运输过程中的扬尘污染和损失;且制作过程简单便捷、无刺激性、无毒副作用。     

穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻对白洋淀水质影响的原位围隔试验

在白洋淀建成14个原位围隔(9 m2/个),分别按10、20和30株/m2的密度种植穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻,研究不同密度穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻在调控水体富营养化方面的效能与稳定性.结果表明:穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻能有效控制浮游植物的生物量并改善水体SD(透明度),其中密度为10株/m2穗花狐尾藻(平均长度为83 cm,平均湿质量为37.1 g)和密度为20株/m2金鱼藻(平均长度为68 cm,平均湿质量为31.2 g)的围隔控制效果明显,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)都明显下降,SD增加,浮游植物多样性明显增加,水体营养状态指数(TSIM)明显下降;但高密度沉水植物可能造成水体ρ(Chla)和营养盐含量的反弹.研究证明,种植合理密度的穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻有利于改善白洋淀水质.      

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰二噁英控制技术研究进展

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰含有二噁英等有机物和Cr、Hg等重金属,是高度危险的固体废物,已成为二噁英污染的主要来源之一。针对飞灰中二噁英的不同解毒技术研究现状,系统阐述了近年来不同技术的原理、研究现状及发展趋势等,指出具有较大工业化应用前景的是水泥窑协同处置和低温热解技术。水泥窑协同处置技术可实现二噁英高效降解,且无二次污染物产生,局限性是该技术需要依托熟料生产线,飞灰水洗预处理投资运行成本相对较高;低温热解技术可高效实现飞灰中二噁英的脱除,局限性是存在二噁英从固相转移至气相,通常集成其他气相二噁英降解技术,如催化氧化等技术,可实现气相二噁英的高效降解,能耗及投资成本相对较低。并对飞灰中二噁英未来的降解技术和发展方向进行了展望,旨在为飞灰二噁英解毒技术的实用研究提供理论研究基础。     

Population structure and community characteristics of Acer catalpifolium Rehd北大核心CSCD

Acer catalpifolium Rehd., a critically endangered tree species with an extremely limited range of distribution, is one of the 120 plant species with extremely small populations, as approved by the state forestry administration of the People's Republic of China and requires urgent rescue action. In order to comprehensively understand the population status and the future developmental trend of A. catalpifolium, the plant communities were investigated from 5 sites, including Caishenmiao (CSM), Banruosi (BRS), Zhangshancun (ZSC), Fuhusi (FHS), and Baoguosi (BGS). The population structure of A. catalpifolium as well as the species composition and community characteristics of its habitat were investigated. The results showed that A. catalpifolium is mainly distributed in the evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, in different community layers, namely, the tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer, and is accompanied by 52, 74, and 52 plant species, respectively. Analyses of the distribution of population abundance revealed that BRS had the largest distribution of A. catalpifolium, accounting for 26.04% of the total population, followed by FHS, ZSC, BGS, and CSM, in that order. Analyses of the community characteristics revealed that the species diversity indices in FHS, BRS, BGS, and CSM were greater than that in ZSC. Analyses of the population age structure of A. catalpifolium revealed the gap in the distribution of the levels of seedlings and young trees. There were serious obstacles to the regeneration of the natural population. We concluded that the obstacle to the regeneration of the population of A. catalpifolium might be caused by the high competitive pressure from the dominant species and the micro-environment in the forest. Understanding the community characteristics and the population structure of A. catalpifolium could provide a theoretical foundation for its reintroduction and recovery. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

磺胺类抗生素对不同革兰氏阴性菌的毒物兴奋效应研究

抗生素滥用所导致的环境问题日益受到人们的关注,抗生素在环境中常以低剂量的形式暴露,生物体在低浓度的抗生素作用下通常会表现出毒物兴奋效应(hormesis)。因此,研究抗生素的hormesis,对抗生素的生态风险评价极其重要。为了研究抗生素的hormesis,本文选取4种磺胺类抗生素为研究对象,观测了不同浓度培养基下磺胺对大肠杆菌能否产生hormesis。结果表明,磺胺对大肠杆菌在原倍和0.8倍浓度的培养基下不产生hormesis,在0.6和0.4倍浓度的培养基下产生hormesis;并且,结合我们之前对另一种革兰氏阴性菌——费氏弧菌hormesis的研究可知,对于具有不同群体感应系统的2种革兰氏阴性菌,都存在hormesis,磺胺可以通过作用群体感应系统使革兰氏阴性菌产生hormesis,只是hormesis的大小不同。上述研究结果为抗生素的生态风险评价提供了依据,为hormesis的相关研究提供了参考。     

杂多酸型光催化剂降解有机废水的研究进展

杂多酸(多金属氧酸盐,POM)是一种环境友好的固体酸,是一种包含有过渡金属(第Ⅴ或第Ⅵ副族)含氧阴离子的多原子阴离子,这些含氧阴离子通过共有的氧原子连接在一起.它除了具有其他光催化剂的无毒、无二次污染、方便快捷高效等优点外,还具有高富氧表面的特性,且由于其结构中存在大量的金属中心而能表现出快速可逆和多电子氧化还原转变,其禁带宽度较窄,且光谱响应范围较宽,有着优异的光催化降解性能,已经在光催化降解含有机污染物废水中得到了广泛的应用.本文对杂多酸光催化剂的种类、杂多酸的改性方法以及杂多酸及其复合物在降解有机污染物中的应用进行了综述,指出了目前杂多酸光催化降解技术存在的突出问题及相应的解决方案,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

达州市城区环境空气质量变化趋势及CMAQ模型预报分析

利用Spearman秩相关系数法、污染日历图、浓度分析法和CMAQ预测模型研究了达州市城区2015—2019年空气质量状况。结果表明:2015—2019年,达州市城区O_3浓度变化趋势为显著上升(P0.05),季度变化明显,8月易发生因O_3超标导致的轻度污染状况;CO年均值变化趋势为显著降低(P0.05);NO_2年均值呈上升趋势,但尚未达到显著水平(P0.05);SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)年均值呈下降趋势,但变化趋势不明显(P0.05)。2019年,1月和12月污染最重,PM_(2.5)超标是主因,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)年均值达标形势严峻,全年一半以上天数的PM_(2.5)浓度超过年均值二级标准限值,PM_(10)也近半;NO_2年均值达标形势严峻,全年212 d超过年均值二级标准限值。CMAQ模型对不同污染指标的预测准确率不同,预测PM_(2.5)浓度、首要污染物和空气质量等级时的准确率不及人工预测,预测AQI时的准确率高于人工预测,更多污染指标的预测比较还有待进一步研究。