超高压深海环境下多结构并行疲劳试验技术研究

针对全海深载人潜水器2只载人舱缩比球壳模型的疲劳试验,通过理论方法对比分析了压差法与外压单独作用下球壳的应力状态,验证了超高压深海环境下内外压差法模拟球壳作业环境的可行性。同时,为降低球壳外部交变载荷对试验设备的损伤,并有效缩短试验时长,提出一种计及超高压深海环境下采用内外压差法开展的多结构并行疲劳试验技术。根据该试验技术进行了近7 000个循环周期的双球串联疲劳试验,有力地保证了全海深载人潜水器的研制周期。试验结果表明,该试验技术长期有效可靠,可为同类型试验提供技术依据和应用参考。     

北京蔬菜地土壤中抗生素抗性基因与可移动元件的分布特征

为揭示北京地区蔬菜土壤中抗生素抗性基因与可移动元件的分布特征应用高通量荧光定量PCR方法(HT-qPCR),选取北京3个区5个蔬菜基地进行调查研究.在蔬菜基地土壤中共检测到92～121种抗生素抗性基因,4～6种可移动元件,抗生素抗性基因及可移动元件按区分开.各蔬菜基地中共有且丰度较高的抗生素抗性基因型为:多重耐药类oprD、acrA-04和acrA-05,大环内酯类-林肯酰胺类-链阳性菌素B类抗生素抗性基因(MLSB)酰胺酶类fox5,万古霉素类vanC-03;共有可移动元件为intI1.蔬菜基地土壤中共检测到7种抗生素,含量较高的抗生素种类为恩诺沙星(ENR)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、土霉素(OTC)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX).顺义区S1与S2蔬菜基地土壤中抗生素的种类与丰度均最高,依次是通州区T蔬菜基地、昌平区C2与C1蔬菜基地.相关性分析表明,蔬菜基地土壤中抗生素抗性基因丰度与抗生素丰度存在显著正相关(P 0.05).研究结果可为后续控制抗生素抗性基因的传播提供基础理论数据.     

内蒙古白云鄂博矿区土壤稀土元素污染特征及评价

白云鄂博矿床是世界上最大的轻稀土矿床,在长期开采过程中向周围环境中释放了大量的稀土元素.为了制定有效地修复方案,必须对稀土元素的浓度、空间分布、分布模式、污染水平和生态风险进行分析和评价.结果表明,土壤样品总稀土含量平均值为6064.95 mg·kg^-1,高于对照点（207.44 mg·kg^-1）、内蒙古（150.95 mg·kg^-1）和中国（184.72 mg·kg^-1）土壤背景值,说明周边土壤出现稀土富集现象.轻稀土元素占到稀土总量的83%~99%,Ce是最主要的轻稀土元素.总稀土的高值区域主要集中于矿源附近,分布极不均匀,受外界干扰较大.各个功能区稀土球粒陨石标准化模式相似,归一化曲线向右倾斜,轻重稀土分馏明显.δCe和δEu的计算显示土壤具有明显的Ce正异常和Eu负异常.La/Yb、La/Sm和Gd/Yb的比值表明,土壤中稀土元素的分布模式是轻稀土元素富集,而且轻稀土元素较重稀土元素具有更为显著的分馏作用.采用4种方法对研究区土壤中稀土元素污染状况和生态风险进行评价.地累积指数计算表明Ce、Nd、Pr和La的均值达到了重污染程度.校正污染程度评价结果显示,不同功能区稀土元素的平均mC_d值范围为7.14~31.38,尾矿库属于高污染水平,居民区和工业区属于非常高污染水平,而采矿区和排土场则达到极高污染水平.污染负荷指数评价显示尾矿库属于中度污染水平,其余功能区则达到重度污染水平.白云鄂博矿区土壤中稀土元素的潜在生态风险指数范围为120.99~6376.46,33%的样点呈现出极强生态风险,16%的样点呈现很强的生态风险,12%的样点呈现较强的生态风险,30%的样点呈现中等风险,只有9%的样点呈现较低的生态风险.因此,亟待采取有效地措施来控制白云鄂博矿区土壤中稀土元素的污染和潜在生态风险.     

嗜水气单胞菌强化老化纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

基于老化对纳米零价铁（NZVI）去除水中Cr（VI）的不利影响,本研究考察了接种嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）强化老化NZVI对水中Cr（VI）的去除,并分析了溶解氧、温度、pH、Cr（VI）初始浓度对其去除Cr（VI）的影响,同时利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等分析了反应前后材料的形貌特征及Cr的价态变化.结果表明,接种嗜水气单胞菌能显著提高无氧条件下老化NZVI对Cr（VI）的去除效果,且在酸性条件和30~40 ℃条件下去除效果较好,可能是因为该条件下更有利于老化NZVI的腐蚀和微生物的生长,此外,Cr（VI）去除效率随Cr（VI）初始浓度升高而降低.在pH=6,温度为30 ℃,老化nZVI投加量为0.1 g·L^-1,Cr（VI）初始浓度为50 mg·L^-1的条件下反应24 h后,Cr（VI）的去除率可达到100%.XPS分析表明,反应后NZVI表面沉积的Cr主要以Cr（III）的形式存在,可能为Cr（OH）₃沉淀或Fe_xCr_1-x（OH）₃共沉淀物.动力学研究发现,Cr（VI）去除过程符合准二级动力学,去除机制为Cr（VI）的吸附、还原与共沉淀,其中以还原作用为主.     

木耳菌糠生物炭对阳离子染料的吸附性能研究

为了有效处理印染废水,以废弃木耳菌糠（AG）为原料,采用限氧热解法在350、550、750℃的温度下制备木耳菌糠生物炭（AGBC）,处理含有孔雀石绿（MG）、番红花红T （ST）的有色废水.考察了不同初始pH值、吸附时间、初始浓度对AGBC吸附MG、ST的影响,讨论了吸附动力学及等温吸附特性.并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等技术对吸附前后的菌糠生物炭进行表征,探究吸附机理.结果表明：随着热解温度的升高,吸附剂表面的含氧官能团数量逐渐减少,而比表面积和芳香化程度逐渐增加.MG的平衡吸附量随溶液pH值的升高而增大,而ST的平衡吸附量呈现相反趋势.AGBC对MG、ST的吸附分别在8h和4h基本达到平衡.AGBC对MG的吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型与Freundlich模型,说明吸附过程以物理吸附为主;对ST的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型与Freundlich模型,说明吸附过程以化学吸附为主.与AG350和AG550相比,AG750对MG和ST的吸附量更高,经Langmuir模型拟合,其对MG和ST的最大吸附量分别为10249.79mg/g、3353.49mg/g.吸附机理表明,AGBC对MG的吸附主要为静电引力和π-π共轭作用,对ST的吸附主要为氢键作用、π-π共轭作用以及静电引力.说明AGBC对阳离子染料具有一定的吸附潜力,是一种经济高效的吸附材料.     

氯和紫外消毒过程中胞外抗性基因的产生特征

考察了城市污水氯和紫外消毒过程中不同物理形态的胞外抗性基因的产生行为与及微生物群落的关联特征.结果表明,氯消毒尽管使胞内抗性基因丰度下降,但使结合型胞外抗性基因丰度明显上升（0.7±0.1）log,而游离型胞外抗性基因丰度下降（0.2±0.1）log.紫外消毒也使胞内抗性基因下降,但使游离型胞外抗性基因显著上升（0.4±0.2）log,而结合型胞外抗性基因丰度下降（0.3±0.1）log.氯消毒后,结合型胞外DNA（a-eDNA）中变形菌门丰度下降而其他菌门的丰度上升,细菌多样性指数由4.2上升到4.7;而游离型胞外DNA（f-eDNA）中变形菌门上升了6.6%,多样性指数则从3.5降低到2.8.紫外消毒后,a-eDNA中变形菌门丰度下降了36.6%,多样性则上升到4.8,而f-eDNA中细菌丰度变化较小.分子生态网络分析揭示了抗性基因与细菌间广泛的寄存关系,tetA、tetX、sulI和sulII分别与17、15、15和5种菌属间存在共现性,表明抗性基因潜在宿主的变化是导致消毒后胞外抗性基因产生的关键原因.本研究表明氯和紫外消毒不能消除抗性基因风险,反而通过导致不同胞外抗性基因的大量产生,使风险的形式发生变化.     

Distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic in different sized atmospheric particulate matters

The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic (As) in different sized atmospheric particulate matters (PMs), including total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀, and PM_2.5, collected from Baoding, China were analyzed. The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were 31.5, 35.3, and 54.1 µg/g, respectively, with an order of PM_2.5 >PM ₁₀ > TSP, revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles. Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species, speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted. Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite (iAs^III), inorganic arsenate (iAs^V), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) in PMs, while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were rarely reported. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs. An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA, DMA and iAs^V, while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^III. Results showed that iAs^V was the dominate component in all the samples, corresponding to a portion of 79.2% ± 9.3% of the total extractable species, while iAs^III, TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%. Our study demonstrated that iAs^III accounted for about 14.4% ± 11.4% of the total extracted species, with an average concentration of 1.7 ± 1.6 ng/m³. It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples (84 out of 97 samples), which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.     

Identification of close relationship between atmospheric oxidation and ozone formation regimes in a photochemically active region

Understanding ozone (O₃) formation regime is a prerequisite in formulating an effective O₃ pollution control strategy. Photochemical indicator is a simple and direct method in identifying O₃ formation regimes. Most used indicators are derived from observations, whereas the role of atmospheric oxidation is not in consideration, which is the core driver of O₃ formation. Thus, it may impact accuracy in signaling O₃ formation regimes. In this study, an advanced three-dimensional numerical modeling system was used to investigate the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and O₃ formation regimes during a long-lasting O₃ exceedance event in September 2017 over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China. We discovered a clear relationship between atmospheric oxidative capacity and O₃ formation regime. Over eastern PRD, O₃ formation was mainly in a NO_x-limited regime when HO₂/OH ratio was higher than 11, while in a VOC-limited regime when the ratio was lower than 9.5. Over central and western PRD, an HO₂/OH ratio higher than 5 and lower than 2 was indicative of NO_x-limited and VOC-limited regime, respectively. Physical contribution, including horizontal transport and vertical transport, may pose uncertainties on the indication of O₃ formation regime by HO₂/OH ratio. In comparison with other commonly used photochemical indicators, HO₂/OH ratio had the best performance in differentiating O₃ formation regimes. This study highlighted the necessities in using an atmospheric oxidative capacity-based indicator to infer O₃ formation regime, and underscored the importance of characterizing behaviors of radicals to gain insight in atmospheric processes leading to O₃ pollution over a photochemically active region.     

控制回路的多维度性能评估方法研究

为评价炼化装置中各控制回路的性能,基于控制回路关键品质指标要求,采用控制回路的设定值、输出值、测量值、控制模式等过程参数设计了准确性指标、稳定性指标及快速性指标等性能评估指标。辅助技术人员在线进行控制回路性能评估,识别性能较差的控制回路,诊断异常原因并进行优化,提高装置的自动化水平。