Possible particulate nitrite formation and its atmospheric implications inferred from the observations in Seoul,Korea

Simultaneous measurements of gaseous species and fine-mode, particulate inorganic components were performed at the University of Seoul, Seoul in Korea. In the simultaneous measurements, a certain level of nitrous acid (HONO) was observed in the gas-phase, indicating possible heterogeneous HONO production on the surface of the ambient aerosols. On the other hand, high particulate nitrite (NO^2?) concentrations of 1.41(±2.26) μg/m³ were also measured, which sometimes reached 18.54 μg/m³. In contrast, low HONO-to-NO₂ ratios of 0.007(±0.006) were observed in Seoul. This indicates that a significant fraction of HONO is dissolved in atmospheric aerosols. Around the Seoul site, sufficient alkalinity may have been provided to the atmospheric aerosols from the excessive presence of NH₃ in the gas-phase. Due to the alkaline particulate conditions (defined in this study as a particle pH >～3.29), the HONO molecules produced at the surface of the atmospheric aerosols appeared to have been converted into particulate nitrite, thereby preventing their further participation in the atmospheric O₃/NO_y/HO_x photochemical cycles. It was estimated that a minimum average of 65% of HONO was captured by alkaline, anthropogenic, urban particles in the Seoul measurements.     

Optical and microphysical properties of severe haze and smoke aerosol measured by integrated remote sensing techniques in Gwangju,Korea

Aerosol optical and microphysical parameters from severe haze events observed in October 2005 at Gwangju, Korea (35.10°N, 126.53°E) were determined from the ground using a multi-wavelength Raman lidar, a sunphotometer, and a real-time carbon particle analyzer and from space using satellite retrievals. Two different aerosol types were identified based on the variability of optical characteristics for different air mass conditions. Retrievals of microphysical properties of the haze from the Raman lidar indicated distinct light-absorbing characteristics for different haze aerosols originating from eastern and northern China (haze) and eastern Siberia (forest-fire smoke). The haze transported from the west showed moderately higher absorbing characteristics (SSA = 0.90 ± 0.03, 532 nm) than from the northern direction (SSA = 0.96 ± 0.02). The organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio varied between 2.5 ± 0.4 and 4.1 ± 0.7.     

Preparation of controlled nano-MgO and investigation of its bactericidal properties

Nano-MgO is a good bactericide but with strong alkalinity in water due to its rapid hydrolysis. To control its hydrolysis rate and keep its bactericidal properties, we synthesized nano-MgO microspheres using chitosan-alginate system in this study. The synthesized nano-MgO release-controlled microspheres (nMgO-RCM) were with 0.98-1.20 mm of particle sizes. Also, their embedding ratio and loading percentage was 63.52% and 12.27%, respectively. Based on the characterization results, nano-MgO was only observed on surface of the nMgO-RCM. Its release rate from the nMgO-RCM could be controlled by the chitosan-alginate system, and the observed rate constant (k_obs) increased from 0.0289 h⁻¹ to 0.0358 h⁻¹ with the increment of the dosage from 10 mg L⁻¹ to 80 mg L⁻¹. Furthermore, the nMgO-RCM could maintain pH value lower than 8.5 and colony counts less than 20 CFU mL⁻¹ for at least 120 h.     

Emergy-based assessment on industrial symbiosis: a case of Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone

Industrial symbiosis is the sharing of services, utility, and by-product resources among industries. This is usually made in order to add value, reduce costs, and improve the environment, and therefore has been taken as an effective approach for developing an eco-industrial park, improving resource efficiency, and reducing pollutant emission. Most conventional evaluation approaches ignored the contribution of natural ecosystem to the development of industrial symbiosis and cannot reveal the interrelations between economic development and environmental protection, leading to a need of an innovative evaluation method. Under such a circumstance, we present an emergy analysis-based evaluation method by employing a case study at Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (SETDZ). Specific emergy indicators on industrial symbiosis, including emergy savings and emdollar value of total emergy savings, were developed so that the holistic picture of industrial symbiosis can be presented. Research results show that nonrenewable inputs, imported resource inputs, and associated services could be saved by 89.3, 32.51, and 15.7 %, and the ratio of emergy savings to emergy of the total energy used would be about 25.58 %, and the ratio of the emdollar value of total emergy savings to the total gross regional product (GRP) of SETDZ would be 34.38 % through the implementation of industrial symbiosis. In general, research results indicate that industrial symbiosis could effectively reduce material and energy consumption and improve the overall eco-efficiency. Such a method can provide policy insights to industrial park managers so that they can raise appropriate strategies on developing eco-industrial parks. Useful strategies include identifying more potential industrial symbiosis opportunities, optimizing energy structure, increasing industrial efficiency, recovering local ecosystems, and improving public and industrial awareness of eco-industrial park policies.     

长庆油田生态油气田建设探索与实践

介绍了长庆油田生态油气田的建设目标,阐述了具体做法:健全生态环境保护责任体系,依法合规抓项目建设,分步分类解决油田突出环境问题,打造生态文明示范样板,强化环境风险防控,建立生态环境考核体系。得出:坚持正确的保护理念是建设生态油气田的前提,打造生态油气田示范工程,持续推进生态建设、丰富生态保护内涵是促进生态油气田建设向纵深发展的重要因素。坚持开发与保护并重的思想、不触碰生态红线、积极履行生态油气田建设与保护的职责,是企业促进绿色、文明发展的必由之路。     

常温限氧条件下SBR反应器中的部分亚硝化研究

常温下(14.1～24.2℃)以二级出水(NH 4-N 30～100 mg/L)为原水,在限氧条件下(DO为0.3～0.4 mg/L)的SBR反应器中研究了适合ANAMMOX工艺进水的部分亚硝化工艺.ANAMMOX反应器进水要求NH 4/NO-2=1/1.31,即仅有一部分氨氮形成亚硝酸盐.研究中通过控制进水碱度,以在线DO趋势线为指示,实现部分亚硝化,最终获得NH 4-N/NO-2-N合适比例的出水.当约57%的氨氮转化为亚硝酸盐时,同等比例的HCO-3/NH 4消耗会导致pH值的自然下降.当pH值下降到一定程度时,氨氧化细菌代谢速率的减小导致了耗氧速率(OUR)的急剧下降,DO趋势线就会出现突跃的特征点(本研究以DO突跃至1.0 mg/L为判别),指示出部分亚硝化反应的终点.试验对30～100 mg/L范围内4种氨氮浓度条件下部分亚硝化的最佳碱度进行了研究.结果表明,本试验中进水碱度与氨氮浓度的比率是影响部分亚硝化工艺出水亚硝化比率(NO-2,NH 4)的重要因素,通过对进水碱度的控制完全可以实现向ANAMMOX反应器提供进水的部分亚硝化工艺.     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器处理啤酒废水

对接种市政消化污泥的膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器的启动及启动成功后在35℃和15℃时的运行特性进行了研究。结果表明：EGSB反应器采用低进水COD、高有机负荷方式,46d快速启动成功;在35℃、HRT为3．4h、液体上升流速为2．80m／h的条件下,COD去除率均能保持在90．0％以上;温度在进水COD为450mg／L左右时对COD去除率影响不明显,但在1700mg／L左右时影响明显;EGSB反应器能在15℃的低温条件下稳定高效运行;在短时间内经历15℃→50℃→15℃的温度冲击和4．32kg／（m^3·d）到15．50kg／（m^3·d）的负荷冲击后能在8d和14d内快速恢复;经历35℃→17℃→35℃的温度冲击后,COD去除率的恢复没有出现滞后期。     

生活垃圾仓式静态好氧发酵供风系统工艺设计

生活垃圾堆肥厂的核心——发酵系统对堆肥产品的质量和成本起着决定性的作用,所以其设计显得至关重要。结合多年的科研及工程实践经验,就垃圾仓式静态好氧发酵供风系统工艺设计中供风形式、方式选择,风量、风压计算以及供风控制形式选择等几个关键部分做了详细介绍。     

灾害经济损失评估理论与方法探讨

首先根据自然灾害经济损失的特点，对自然经济损失进行了比较合理的界定和分类，在此基础上着重对自然灾害直接经济损失和间接经济损失的评估理论和方法进行了探讨。