磁性污泥基生物炭对Pb2+的吸附性能

为克服湿法制备磁性生物炭颗粒时团聚严重、固液分离困难、热解前需消耗大量能源脱水干化的问题,本研究以市政污泥为原料,通过无溶剂法热解制备了磁性污泥基生物炭(MSBC-2),并利用SEM、FTIR、XPS、VMS和Raman等方法对产物的表面结构与特征进行了表征。基于序批实验,分析了pH、温度、背景离子强度、生物炭投加量对该吸附材料的Pb²⁺吸附性能的影响,并进行了吸附动力学、吸附等温线及吸附热力学研究。结果表明：MSBC-2的Pb²⁺去除率随pH及温度的升高而升高,pH>4后去除率基本不变,离子强度对Pb²⁺去除率基本无影响。MSBC-2对Pb²⁺的吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir模型,表明吸附过程的限速步骤为化学反应,吸附为单分子层吸附;MSBC-2的反应速率常数k₂是未改性生物炭的4.1倍,25 ℃时最大理论吸附容量为113.36 mg·g⁻¹,高于大多数湿法制备的磁性生物炭;该吸附过程非自发、吸热且熵增过程;MSBC-2对Pb²⁺的吸附机理主要包括表面络合、离子交换和物理吸附。     

国际持续农业发展的特点及广东省持续农业的现状和方向

近年来国际上提出将持续农业作为农业生产发展的战略目标，本文综述了国际上发展持续农业的形式及特点，论述广东省持续农业的现状和发展持续农业面临的挑战，最后针对广东省目前的实际情况，提出今后的发展方向和对策．     

Degradation of the typical herbicide atrazine by UV/persulfate: kinetics and mechanisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Atrazine (ATZ), a widely used herbicide, had received a significant amount of attention due to its widespread detection in aquatic environments as...     

氮肥品种及施肥方式对小白菜产量与品质的影响

氮肥在农业生产中起着重要的作用,但是氮肥的大量施用不仅造成养分比例失调及环境污染,而且会限制产量的提高和品质的改善。针对广东蔬菜氮肥施用不合理的现象,在田间试验条件下研究了不同氮肥品种和不同底追比对小白菜产量和营养品质的影响,旨在为华南地区的蔬菜施用氮肥提供参考。试验结果表明,施氮极显著提高了小白菜的生物量和产量,亦增加了硝酸盐的累积量,其中尿素处理增产效果最好,蔬菜专用肥(磷铵 尿素)处理小白菜硝酸盐累积量最低,其次是碳酸氢铵和氯化铵处理。各氮肥处理间Vc和可溶性糖含量差异达到极显著水平,其中蔬菜专用肥处理含量最高;不同底、追肥处理间产量和Vc含量的差异达到显著或极显著水平,而可溶性糖含量差异未达到显著水平。除底肥70%、追肥30%的处理外,其余处理均极显著提高了硝酸盐含量。在本试验条件下,蔬菜专用肥既可以提高小白菜产量,又可以明显改善小白菜营养品质与卫生品质,如果以尿素为氮源,底肥70%、追肥30%是兼顾产量和品质的优化处理。     

山东海滨城市主要海洋地质灾害述评与减防灾措施探讨

海滨城市的海洋地质灾害可分为两大类型：其一是由纯内外自然地质作用造成的危及城乡安全的灾害，如地震、断裂活动、海岸侵蚀、风暴潮；其二是人为活动与自然地质作用相互影响形成的灾害，如过量开采地下水和滥伐森林等引起的地面沉降、海水入侵与倒灌、不合理的海岸工程布局引起的海岸流场变化导致的岸线突变。本文目的在于探讨山东沿海这些灾害类型的分布与成因，进而提出减少或防止这些灾害危害的措施。     

UV与UV/H2O2降解水中马拉硫磷的机理及毒性变化

本文以马拉硫磷作为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱串联飞行时间质谱仪(HPLC-TOF/MS)鉴别出其在单独UV和UV/H_2O_2降解过程中主要产物的分子结构,进而结合产物生成量的变化推导出可能的降解路径.同时,利用发光细菌发光抑制法和AChE活性抑制法对降解产物综合生物毒性进行了评估.结果表明,利用单独UV降解马拉硫磷,其去除率达到90%时发光抑制率从23.5%降低至15.4%,AChE抑制率未见显著变化;而经UV/H_2O_2工艺处理后,在相同马拉硫磷去除率(90%)条件下,发光抑制率从23.5%升高至93.7%,AChE抑制率由22.1%升高至88.1%.由此可见,不同氧化过程会对马拉硫磷溶液的生物毒性产生显著影响,且目标污染物的去除率不能指示溶液毒性的变化.     

Biodegradation of N,N-dimethylacetamide by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 isolated from the rhizosphere of pagoda tree

The biodegradation characteristic and potential metabolic pathway for removal of environmental N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was studied. Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a pagoda tree and proved capable of utilizing DMAC as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Batch culture studies showed that strain B83 could tolerate up to 25 g/L DMAC and showed distinct growth on possible catabolic intermediates except for acetate. The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 71% of the initial nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen. DMAC degradation has led to accumulation of acetate and organic nitrogen, meanwhile traces of nitrate and ammonia was build-up but without nitrite. The growth of strain B83 could be inhibited by adding exogenous acetate. By means of the assay of enzymatic degradation of DMAC, several catabolic intermediates at different intervals were observed and identified. Based on the results obtained from culture solution and enzymatic degradation assay, a detailed pathway is proposed for DMAC biodegradation.     

Fe0类芬顿法深度处理制药废水

以零价铁作为类芬顿反应中的催化剂,对某制药集团经生化处理后的制药废水进行深度处理。研究了H2O2和零价铁粉投加量、pH值以及Fe0的酸改性对处理效果的影响。结果表明：COD去除率20%时,可有效提高废水B/C比。在pH为3.0~3.5时,按H2O2：COD质量比为1：6进行投加,Fe0与H2O2按4：1的摩尔比投加,反应在2 h时能达到处理目标,即去除20%的COD。Fe0的重复使用性良好,5次后仍能保持催化效能,进一步对其中的反应过程与机理做了探讨。研究结果可为制药废水的深度处理提供参考。     

Potential factors and mechanism of particulate matters explosive increase induced by free radicals oxidation

Atmospheric particulate pollution in China has attracted much public attention. Occasionally, the particle number concentration increases sharply in a short time period, which is defined as a “particulate matter explosive increase”. Heavy particulate matter pollution not only reduces visibility but also has an adverse effect on human health. Hence, there is an urgent need to discover the causes of particulate matter explosive increase. During this campaign, the particle number concentration and free radicals were measured at a tall building on the campus of Lanzhou University of Technology. Additionally, we examined a series of chemicals to reproduce the observed particulate matter explosive increase in a smog chamber to determine its potential factors. Then, we analyzed the mechanism of particulate matter explosive increase in the presence of free radicals. We found that, among the potential inorganic and organic sources analyzed, a mixture of organic and SO₂ in the research region had a major effect on particulate matter explosive increase. Moreover, free radical oxidation has a large effect, especially in the formation of organic particulates.     

全过程管理视角的上海市垃圾分类回顾与展望

为掌握分类投放全面推广对城市生活垃圾全过程管理的影响,系统回顾了上海生活垃圾分类的推行历程,从生命周期角度预测了不同分类水平下上海生活垃圾处理与处置的环境效应。上海垃圾分类经历了试点、推广、调整、强制推广4个阶段,指导思路从资源化主导转变为"减量化、资源化、无害化"并行,减量效果从调整阶段开始逐渐显现,其他垃圾热值提高。在模拟的8种场景中,当湿垃圾、可回收物、其他垃圾混合投放并处置时,总环境影响潜值最高,达到1.22×10-13 PET₂₀₀₀/t;湿垃圾、可回收物、其他垃圾分出量占比分别为30%、20%和50%时(上海市生活垃圾厌氧消化、焚烧和回收的最大处理能力分别占总处理能力的25%、60%和15%),可实现原生垃圾零填埋,并获得最佳环境效益,环境影响潜值降为8.13×10-14 PET₂₀₀₀/t。从生活垃圾全过程管理角度看,分类投放是前提条件,配套适当的处理处置设施才能更好地显现环境效益优势。