潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河水的处理功效

为了研究潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河流污染物的去除效果及其影响因素,实验构建了潮汐流人工湿地系统。运行春夏两季以来,系统对TN、NH3-N、TP、COD和BOD5的平均去除率分别为49.14%、48.34%、79.40%、81.52%和83.39%;其中系统对TN和NH3-N的去除受到温度的影响,且温度变化对NH3-N去除效果的影响大于TN;在实验周期内,系统对TN、TP、COD和BOD5的去除均受进水污染负荷的影响,但却有着较好的抗负荷冲击能力;潮汐流人工湿地能够显著提高系统内溶解氧,使其不再成为去除污染物的限制性因素。     

铬渣污染土壤PM10和PM2.5组分中六价铬的生物可给性及健康风险评估

为获取土壤细颗粒组分中污染物的浓度及其生物可给性,分析了某铬渣污染场地土壤PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)组分中六价铬的浓度分布特征,并采用统一生物可给性测试方法(Unified Bioaccessibility Method,UBM)和呼吸吸入生物可给性测试方法(Inhalation Bioaccessibility Method,IBM) 2种体外模拟法测试了六价铬在胃、肠及肺中的生物可给性。结果显示:(1)六价铬和总铬在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)组分中的含量大多明显低于PM_(250)组分,PM_(10)组分中六价铬和总铬的累积因子(accumulation factors,AF)分别为0.080#12.297和0.008#0.261,PM_(2.5)组分中六价铬和总铬的AF分别为0.019#5.721和0.005#0.342,相比于总铬而言,六价铬在细颗粒中的累积程度更高。较低的有机质(organic matter,OM)含量可能导致了六价铬AF的明显增加。不同组分中六价铬占总铬的比例分别为2%#17%(<250μm)、21%#98%(<10μm)和22%#82%(<2.5μm),表明在土壤细颗粒中,铬更多地以六价铬的形式存在;(2)通过UBM获取的PM_(250)组分中六价铬在胃提取阶段的生物可给性因子为0.0301%#0.9483%,平均值为0.4821%;肠阶段可给性因子为0.0018%#0.3934%,平均值为0.1578%,约为胃提取阶段的0.33倍;(3)通过IBM获取的PM_(10)组分中六价铬在肺阶段的生物可给性因子为2.52%#41.50%,平均值14.47%; PM_(2.5)组分中六价铬的生物可给性因子为2.40%#88.12%,平均值为48.86%,约为PM_(10)组分的3.38倍;(4)在考虑生物可给性条件下,六价铬产生的人体总致癌风险水平从2 430.04×10~(-6)下降至125.83×10~(-6),而且,六价铬呼吸途径产生的致癌风险水平极高,是经口摄入的5.04#176.38倍(胃)、10.92#10 198.00倍(肠),表明呼吸吸入是六价铬致癌风险最为关键的暴露途径。因此,通过测定土壤细颗粒组分中六价铬的生物可给性,能够显著提高铬渣污染土壤健康风险评估的可靠性。     

珠江三角洲机动车挥发性有机物排放化学成分谱研究

根据珠三角地区机动车挥发性有机物排放(VOCs)贡献特征,选取在用轻型汽油车、轻型柴油车、液化石油气(LPG)出租车和摩托车,采用底盘测功机及实际道路测试,获取了以上车型尾气排放的VOCs化学成分(59种非甲烷碳氢化合物)特征谱.轻型汽油车以及摩托车的尾气组成中芳香烃含量最高,其次为烷烃;苯系物、异戊烷以及乙烯占轻型汽油车尾气VOCs组成的54.5%;苯系物、异戊烷以及乙炔占摩托车尾气组成的54.6%.轻型柴油车的尾气组成中烷烃比例最高,其次是芳香烃和烯炔烃.除了苯和甲苯,正十一烷、正十二烷、正癸烷、乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯亦在柴油车尾气中占有重要比例(41.2%).LPG出租车尾气组成以丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷为主,并伴有较高比例的1,2,4-三甲基苯、1,2,3-三甲基苯和甲苯.与类似研究比较结果表明:由于在油品、排放标准及采样与分析方法等方面的差异,机动车排放源成分谱相关研究结果仍存在一定的差异性,建议对机动车成分谱研究在尾气采样与分析方法等方面进行规范化和标准化.     

不同尺度潜流人工湿地对污染河水的净化机制

为了揭示潜流人工湿地对污染河水的净化机制,通过构建实验室规模和中试规模2种尺度的人工湿地,系统分析了人工湿地净化污染河水过程中的基质特性、微生物特性和植物作用。结果表明,2种尺度人工湿地对悬浮固体（SS 95.86%,94.74%）和有机物（COD 85.29%,80.41%;BOD5 90.60%,89.99%）的去除效果相近,而实验室规模湿地对营养物的去除效果（TN 30.13%,TP 76.89%）优于中试规模湿地（TN 20.27%,TP 52.45%）。实验室规模人工湿地的微生物群落多样性和微生物数量更高,并且具有能够脱氮和降解有机物的特属优势菌种黄杆菌和金黄杆菌。中试规模人工湿地能够更好地为植物生长提供适宜的环境条件,中试规模湿地中的植物生物量（1.47 kg·m-2）高于实验室规模湿地（1.12 kg·m-2）,而且植物在湿地氮磷去除中的贡献率（TN 23.55%,TP 8.80%）也高于实验室规模湿地（TN 11.03%,TP 4.46%）。     

Numerical study of the effects of Planetary Boundary Layer structure on the pollutant dispersion within built-up areas

The effects of different Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL) structures on pollutant dispersion processes within two idealized street canyon configurations and a realistic urban area were numerically examined by a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) model. The boundary conditions of different PBL structures/conditions were provided by simulations of the Weather Researching and Forecasting model. The simulated results of the idealized 2D and 3D street canyon experiments showed that the increment of PBL instability favored the downward transport of momentum from the upper flow above the roof to the pedestrian level within the street canyon. As a result, the flow and turbulent fields within the street canyon under the more unstable PBL condition are stronger. Therefore, more pollutants within the street canyon would be removed by the stronger advection and turbulent diffusion processes under the unstable PBL condition. On the contrary, more pollutants would be concentrated in the street canyon under the stable PBL condition. In addition, the simulations of the realistic building cluster experiments showed that the density of buildings was a crucial factor determining the dynamic effects of the PBL structure on the flow patterns. The momentum field within a denser building configuration was mostly transported from the upper flow, and was more sensitive to the PBL structures than that of the sparser building configuration. Finally, it was recommended to use the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino(MYNN) PBL scheme, which can explicitly output the needed turbulent variables, to provide the boundary conditions to the CFD simulation.     

Numerical study of the effects of local atmospheric circulations on a pollution event over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China

Currently, the Chinese central government is considering plans to build a trilateral economic sphere in the Bohai Bay area, including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei(BTH), where haze pollution frequently occurs. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to understand the physical mechanism of the haze pollution there. Therefore, the pollutant transport mechanisms of a haze event over the BTH region from 23 to 24 September 2011 were studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the FLEXible-PARTicle dispersion model to understand the effects of the local atmospheric circulations and atmospheric boundary layer structure. Results suggested that the penetration by sea-breeze could strengthen the vertical dispersion by lifting up the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) and carry the local pollutants to the downstream areas; in the early night, two elevated pollution layers(EPLs) may be generated over the mountain areas: the pollutants in the upper EPL at the altitude of 2–2.5 km were favored to disperse by long-range transport, while the lower EPL at the altitude of 1 km may serve as a reservoir, and the pollutants there could be transported downward and contribute to the surface air pollution.The intensity of the sea–land and mountain–valley breeze circulations played an important role in the vertical transport and distribution of pollutants. It was also found that the diurnal evolution of the PBLH is important for the vertical dispersion of the pollutants,which is strongly affected by the local atmospheric circulations and the distribution of urban areas.     

稻壳活性炭对水中染料的吸附特性及其回收利用

以稻壳为原料,采用复合活化剂制备稻壳活性炭.通过氮气吸附等温线,傅里叶红外光谱,X射线光电子能谱仪,零电荷点等手段,分析了所制备的稻壳活性炭的孔结构和表面性质.研究了稻壳活性炭对甲基橙的吸附特性,同时对吸附饱和的稻壳活性炭进行热再生以及由高温灼烧法制备二氧化硅进行了初步探索.结果表明:稻壳活性炭对甲基橙的去除率随着吸附剂用量增加而提高;随着pH值的升高去除率下降;吸附剂可以应用于高盐度条件下的吸附;随着溶液初始溶液增加去除率下降;符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附过程主要由化学吸附控制;吸附饱和的稻壳活性炭经过一次再生可以得到性能较好的活性炭;对吸附饱和的稻壳活性炭,在800℃条件下可以制得纳米级且具有一定晶型的二氧化硅.     

起爆药污染场地土壤中锑的环境风险评估

为研究起爆药污染场地土壤中Sb（锑）的环境风险,利用微波消解原子荧光光度法、Tessier逐级提取法、TCLP（toxicity characteristic leaching procedure）毒性浸出法及SBET（simplied bioaccessibility extraction test）方法,分析了某起爆药场地表层土壤中Sb的价态、形态、浸出水平和生物可给性及其对人体健康风险水平和地下水环境风险水平的影响.结果表明:①土壤中w（TSb）为26.7~4 255.0 mg/kg,是GB 36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》中第一类用地筛选值的1.33~212.75倍,最大值超过相应管制值的10.82倍.土壤样品中Sb主要以Sb5+存在,w（Sb5+）在w（TSb）中的占比达65.57%~95.46%.②土壤中不同形态Sb的比例由高到低依次为残渣态（38.05%~94.22%）、铁锰氧化物结合态（0.01%~31.80%）、有机结合态（0.32%~21.55%）、碳酸盐结合态（0.01%~11.16%）和可交换态（0.42%~3.70%）.土壤中w（可交换态Sb）与CEC（阳离子交换量）呈负相关,w（铁锰氧化物结合态Sb）与w（Fe）、w（Mn）均呈正相关.③土壤中Sb的浸出浓度为0.22~35.49 μg/L,并随土壤中w（砂粒）、w（TSb）、w（碳酸盐结合态Sb）和w（可交换态Sb）的增大而升高,随CEC的增大而降低.④土壤中Sb的生物可给性范围在8.03%~67.69%之间,w（Fe）和w（OM）的增加能够降低Sb的生物可给性.⑤基于Sb生物可给性健康风险水平和基于Sb价态健康风险水平的结果分别是以w（TSb）为暴露浓度计算的传统风险评估模型预测结果的8.00%~67.69%和62.00%~77.01%,土壤中Sb的实际浸出浓度较常规模型（三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型）预测值低3~5个数量级.研究显示,充分考虑Sb在起爆药污染场地土壤中的赋存特征能够降低常规风险评估方法的保守性.      

处理高污染河水垂直流人工湿地微生物群落特性

为了研究处理高污染河水垂直流人工湿地基质和根际微生物群落特性,采用PCR-DGGE技术对其进行分析,使用通用引物（BAC 338F GC和BAC 805R）对16S rDNA V3~V5区基因片段进行扩增。结果表明,湿地系统中基质微生物群落多样性随基质深度的增加呈现先增大后减小,根际微生物群落多样性逐层递减,同一垂直深度根际微生物群落多样性均高于基质;根际微环境刺激了严格好氧菌Acinetobacter tjernbergiae（不动杆菌属的）出现,证明根系具有泌氧功能;聚类分析表明湿地系统中微生物群落相似度较高,并随深度增加依次递减;测序结果表明湿地系统中拟杆菌门和变形菌门在系统发育树中分别显示出高度序列同源性,湿地系统上、中层广泛分布着好氧菌Flavobacterium sp.（黄杆菌属）和Sporocytophaga sp.（生孢噬纤维菌属）,并出现了大量的脱硫功能菌。     

不同复合人工湿地对高污染河流有机污染物的去除

为了研究复合人工湿地对高污染河流污水中有机污染物的去除效果及规律,实验构建了不同水力负荷下的潜流+潜流、潜流+表面流、潜流+潜流+表面流、表面流+表面流等人工湿地单元组合成的5个复合人工湿地.连续运行一年以来,各复合人工湿地对BOD5、COD和SS的去除效果分别为91.9%~94.7%、69.3%~75.8%和92.3%~93.9%,相对于多级表流湿地,多级潜流湿地更利于有机污染物和悬浮物的去除;BOD5、COD和SS主要在各复合湿地的第一级湿地单元内得到去除;复合人工湿地对COD去除效果秋夏季两季好,春冬两季差;复合人工湿地能有效去除悬浮态BOD5和COD,出水中部分溶解态有机物难以有效降解.