基于本体的突发事件应急决策知识模型研究

应急决策是突发公共事件应急管理过程中最为关键的环节.目前应急决策主要依赖事先制定的应急预案,这种方法比较全面、规范,但缺乏灵活性.针对这一问题,引入本体论的概念,将突发事件应急决策相关的知识整合为领域本体,并借助语义检索技术,实现应急决策相关知识的查询和推理.最后利用Java Web相关技术,开发了一个应急决策知识模型的原型系统.该系统摆脱了应急预案等静态文本的固定格式,更强调概念和概念间的关系,比传统的应急预案更为灵活.     

三苯基锡对热带爪蟾胚胎的致畸效应

用于船舶防污漆和农作物杀菌剂的三苯基锡(TPT)对淡水生态环境具有潜在的危害.用1 ～6 μgSn/L的TPT对热带爪蟾(Xenopus tropicalis)胚胎从NF11/12阶段开始进行72h暴露.结果表明,6μgSn/L暴露组胚胎的存活率比对照组降低了83％,3.5 μgSn/L及以上质量浓度的TPT暴露使胚胎的体长减少16％～35％,2.25μgSn/L及以上质量浓度暴露组胚胎的总畸形率均达100％.畸形现象主要包括眼睛异常,躯干拉长,泄殖腔突出,鳍变窄或消失,尾巴弯曲和皮肤色素减少等.在所有畸形表型中,TPT对鳍的影响最突出.暴露组胚胎的尾鳍宽度比对照组减少了17％ ～ 100％,并呈现明显的剂量效应关系.因此,TPT能抑制热带爪蟾胚胎的生长,并具有极强的致畸性,能特异性地阻碍爪蟾鳍的形成.     

间接阳极氧化处理活性橙X - GN模拟染料废水的研究

采用间接阳极氧化处理活性染料模拟废水,以自制钛基IrO2电极为阳极,石墨为阴极,NaCl为支持电解质,考察了Ti/IrO2电极间接阳极氧化活性橙X - GN模拟废水的处理效果,研究了pH值、电压、电解时间及NaCl投加量对其降解效果的影响.结果表明,在pH值为3,电压为20V,NaCl投加量为2.5 g/L,室温条件下,电解30 min后该染料的脱色率达到100％,电解60min后COD去除率可达68％.在本试验条件下,染料通过电解产生的Cl2、ClO -、HClO等物质间接氧化降解.为探讨电化学氧化降解活性橙X - GN的过程,对该染料的降解过程进行UV - Vis光谱分析,初步探讨了该染料的降解规律.在电解过程中,染料的发色偶氮共轭体系首先被破坏,染料溶液的颜色逐渐褪去;经偶氮双键形成的共轭体系被破坏的同时,染料结构中的苯环结构、均三嗪结构以及萘环结构也遭到破坏,UV - Vis光谱中各基团的特征吸收峰基本消失;反应60 min后,UV - Vis光谱中已无明显吸收峰,表明该染料降解效果较好.     

Origin, separation and identification of environmental nanoparticles: a review

The biogeochemical and ecological impacts of environmental nanoparticles (ENPs) are some of the fastest growing areas of research today. However, efficient separation and collection of ENPs in natural systems remains difficult. This review article is focused on experimental investigation of separation and identification of ENPs, including nanoparticles with size fractions in the range of <2000, 450 to 2000, 100 to 450 and 1 to 100 nm. An automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) was used successfully to overcome the problem of efficiently collecting ENPs in large quantities in red soils. A significant amount of hematite nanoparticles was present on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range of 5 to 8 nm. Synchrotron XRD technique is more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with oriented specimens and random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles, crystallinity, and particle size in red soils, particularly for the illite, kaolinite, goethite and hematite nanoparticles. The AUD apparatus can be employed to efficiently collect large quantities of soil and related ENPs for investigation of their structural characteristics and surface properties, which have significant impact on weathering reaction pathways, catalysis, the fate of vital elements and environmental pollutants, and ecosystem restoration.     

市场激励型环境规制工具对中国资源型城市高质量发展的影响

基于中国114个地级资源型城市2011—2018年的面板数据,采用熵权法测算各资源型城市的高质量发展指数,并利用系统GMM模型、静态面板门限模型和动态面板门限模型,探讨市场激励型环境规制工具对中国资源型城市高质量发展的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）2011—2018年中国资源型城市高质量发展水平在总体向好的同时也存在一定程度的极差扩大现象,且在空间上呈现出“东高西低”的分布态势;（2）市场激励型环境规制工具对资源型城市高质量发展指数存在显著的正向影响;（3）市场激励型环境规制工具对资源型城市高质量发展的促进作用受到城市低碳生活基础设施水平的调节和制约,存在门限效应。基于实证研究结果进一步分析了相应的政策含义。     

Advances in the treatment of multi-pollutant flue gas in China's building materials industry

In most of the world's building material industries, the control of flue gas pollutants mainly focuses on a single pollutant. However, given the large capacity and high contribution of China's building materials industry to global air pollution, the need to develop multi-pollutant emission reduction technology is urgent. Recently, China has focused on reducing the emissions of flue gas pollutants in the building materials industry, established many key research and development projects, and gradually implemented more stringent pollutant emission limits. This project focuses on the most recent advances in flue gas emission control technology in China's building materials industry, including denitration, dust removal, desulfurization, synergistic multi-pollutant emission reduction, and the construction of pilot research and demonstration projects for pollutant removal in several building material industries. On this basis, revised pollutant limits in flue gas emitted in China's building material industry are proposed.     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

加工误差对压气机叶栅气动性能的影响

目的 研究不同区域加工误差对叶片气动性能的影响。方法 选用轴流压气机出口级静叶叶中截面,以叶型厚度变化和中弧线变化为特征,分别在叶型前缘、最大厚度和尾缘区域添加加工误差,采用数值模拟方法,对比设计叶型气动性能,研究叶型各区域几何偏差对性能的影响。结果 叶型前缘几何偏差对气动性能的影响最大,偏差造成的中弧线偏移对性能变化起主导作用。尾缘区域几何偏差对性能的影响趋势与前缘区域完全相反。考虑叶型整体偏差时,轮廓度正偏差造成的性能恶化更加显著。结论 所得的几何偏差影响规律可为实际叶片加工过程中工艺的制定和超差审理提供数据支持。     

振打机构摆臂疲劳寿命仿真及可靠性分析

目的 针对振打机构关键部件摆臂,开展疲劳寿命及关键参数影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据,校核摆臂设计是否满足使用要求。方法 基于S-N曲线进行振打机构摆臂的寿命仿真,开展动力学仿真与应力仿真,获得不同温度下摆臂最低寿命与管壁壁厚的关系。通过对关键寿命影响参数进行影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据。结果 当摆臂壁厚大于1.77mm时,摆臂的平均寿命大于144万次,满足产品设计要求。疲劳寿命与弹性模量E负相关,与抗拉强度和表面加工系数正相关。可靠度R取0.8时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为29 005次;可靠度R取0.9时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为11 891次。结论 振打机构摆臂壁厚需大于1.77 mm,摆臂表面质量系数大于0.827 3,材质抗拉强度大于907.76 MPa,弹性模量E小于2.041×10^(5)MPa。     

氢氧化镁对水体内源磷释放的控制作用

本研究首先通过批量实验考察了氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能,再通过底泥模拟释放实验考察了氢氧化镁覆盖和添加控制底泥中磷向上覆水体释放的效果及机制.结果表明,氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐具有良好的吸附能力,其投加量的增加有利于水中磷酸盐被其所吸附去除,与Langmuir模型相比,其对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为更适合采用Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevitch （D-R）模型加以描述.氢氧化镁覆盖可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放,使得上覆水中SRP浓度处于较低的水平,即使覆盖层的结构完整性受到扰动破坏而导致覆盖材料与表层底泥的混合,氢氧化镁仍然可以有效地控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放.氢氧化镁覆盖和添加均可以有效地降低最上层（0~10 mm）底泥间隙水中SRP的浓度,这对于其覆盖和添加有效控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放是至关重要的.人工合成的氢氧化镁对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能优于商业购买的氢氧化镁,前者控制水体内源磷向上覆水体释放的效果也优于后者.以上结果显示,氢氧化镁是一种有希望用于控制水体底泥内源磷释放的活性覆盖和改良材料.