发酵制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物特性分析

溶解性有机物（DOM）是发酵制药废水二级生化尾水深度处理工艺的主要去除对象,深入解析废水中DOM的特性是将其有效去除的前提和关键.本研究采集氨基酸类、头孢类、抗生素类、维生素类、阿维菌素类5种发酵制药废水二级出水,通过XAD-8树脂亲疏水性分离、凝胶色谱分子量分级、傅里叶变换红外光谱和三维荧光表征对二级出水中的DOM进行特性分析.结果表明,5种发酵制药废水二级出水的盐度和色度高,废水中有机物浓度高、波动大（48.60~245.40 mg·L^-1）.DOM大多数以疏水性组分为主,分子量分布广泛（210~10000 Da）.二级出水DOM均含有大量的不饱和双键、苯环结构,同时含有—OH、—NH₂和C=O等发色团和助色基团,造成废水色度较高.通过对发酵制药废水二级出水进行EEM-PARAFAC分析确定了4种荧光组分特征峰,包括3种腐殖质类（C1、C3、C4）和1种类蛋白类组分（C2）.发酵制药废水二级出水中DOM主要是以类腐殖质有机物为主（C1、C3）.全方面识别和解析发酵制药废水DOM的组成,可为废水深度处理工艺的优化提供指导.     

Evolution on qualities of leachate and landfill gas in the semi-aerobic landfill

To study the characteristics of stabilization in semi-aerobic landfill, large-scale simulated landfill was constructed based on the semiaerobic landfill theory. Consequently, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen, and the pH value in leachate, as well as the component contents of landfill gas composition (methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) in landfill were regularly monitored for 52 weeks. The results showed that COD and ammonia concentrations declined rapidly and did not show the accumulating rule like anaerobic landfill, and remained at about 300 and 100 mg/L, respectively, after 48 weeks. Meanwhile, the descending rate reached 98.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Nitrate concentration increased rapidly after 24 weeks and fluctuated between 220–280 mg/L after 43 weeks. The pH values were below 7 during the first 8 weeks and after that leachates appeared to be alkaline. Carbon dioxide was the main composition in landfill gas and its concentration remained at a high level through the whole stabilization process. The average contents of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane varied between 19 vol.%–28 vol.%, 2 vol.%–8 vol.%, and 5 vol.%–13 vol.%, respectively. A relative equilibrium was reached after 48 weeks. The highest temperature in the landfill chamber could amount to 75.8 degrees centigrade.     

Formulation of criteria for pollution control on cement products produced from solid wastes in China

The process of producing cement products from solid waste can increase the level of pollutants in the cement products. Therefore, it is very important to establish a pollution control standard for cement products to protect the environment and human health. This paper presents acceptance limits for the availability of heavy metals in cement products which have been produced from solid wastes and explains how the limits have been calculated. The approach and method used to formulate these criteria were based on EN 12920. The typical exposure scenarios used in this paper involve concrete being used for drinking water supply pipelines and concrete pavements and are based on an analysis of typical applications of cement in China, and the potential for contact with water. The parameters of a tank test which was based on NEN 7375 were set in accordance with the environmental conditions of typical scenarios in China. Mechanisms controlling the release of heavy metals in concrete and a model for that release were obtained using the leaching test. Finally, based on acceptance criteria for drinking water and groundwater quality in China, limit values for the availability of heavy metals in concrete were calculated.     

让实验室测试值更贴近真实世界防护值——护听器的声衰减值评价方法讨论

本文介绍了护听器声衰减值的评价方法,对比了我国、ISO、欧洲EN、美国ANSI和澳大利亚新西兰AS/NZS标准中关于护听器声衰减值评价方法的差异。着重讨论在测试过程中,使用不同的受试者和护听器佩戴方式得出的检测数据与真实世界防护值的一致性情况。研究表明,使用"受试者自行佩戴"的方式测得的数据能更好地反映护听器在真实世界的防护性能。     

煤焦化残渣污染特性与环境风险研究

以某煤焦化企业生产过程产生的焦油渣、煤焦油、硫铵酸焦油、焦粉、剩余污泥5种残渣为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析残渣中16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度和环数分布,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定8种重金属浓度,通过计算残渣的苯并[a]芘(BaP)等效毒性和重金属潜在生态危害指数分析煤焦化残渣的环境风险.结果...     

Concentrations,atmospheric partitioning,and air–water/soil surface exchange of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran along the upper reaches of the Haihe River basin,North China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/PCDF) were overall measured and compared in ambient air, water, soils, and sediments along the upper reaches of the Haihe River of North China, so as to evaluate their concentrations, profiles, and to understand the processes of gas–particle partitioning and air–water/soil exchange. The following results were obtained: (1) The average concentrations (toxic equivalents, TEQs) of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/PCDF in air, water, sediment, and soil samples were 4,855 fg/m³, 9.5 pg/L, 99.2 pg/g dry weight (dw), and 56.4 pg/g (203 fg TEQ/m³, 0.46 pg TEQ/L, 2.2 pg TEQ/g dw, and 1.3 pg TEQ/g, respectively), respectively. (2) Although OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD were the dominant congeners among four environmental sinks, obvious discrepancies of these congener and homologue patterns of PCDD/PCDF were observed still. (3) Significant linear correlations for PCDD/PCDF were observed between the gas–particle partition coefficient (K _p) and the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P _L ⁰) and octanol–air partition coefficient (K _oa). (4) Fugacity fraction values of air–water exchange indicated that most of PCDD/PCDF homologues were dominated by net volatilization from water into air. The low-chlorinated PCDD/PCDF (tetra- to hexa-) presented a strong net volatilization from the soil into air, while high-chlorinated PCDD/PCDF (hepta- to octa-) were mainly close to equilibrium for air–soil exchange.     

水泥窑共处置废物过程中重金属的流向分布

为了探索水泥窑共处置危险废物过程中重金属流向分布规律,研究了不同温度条件下Cr、As、Pb在煅烧熟料、颗粒物和尾气中的残留率。在900、1 000、1 100、1 200、1 300和1 450℃温度条件下,将添加Cr、As和Pb化学试剂的生料分别进行煅烧,模拟重金属在水泥窑内不同温度带的煅烧过程。结果表明,6个温度条件下,Cr主要分布在熟料中并且呈现不规则变化;颗粒物中的Cr在1 200℃条件下分布量最大,所占比例为32.79%(w);在900℃和1450℃条件下,烟气中的Cr分布量最大,所占比例为0.24%(w)。6个温度条件下As主要分布在熟料中并且1 000~1 450℃条件下稳定在81%~83%之间;在900℃条件下,As在熟料中的残留率最大,所占比例为97%(w);在1450℃条件下,As在尾气中的分布达到最大值,所占比例为0.0023%(w)。6个温度条件下,Pb在熟料中的残留率随着温度升高而逐渐减少,挥发颗粒物中的含量呈现相反的趋势;尾气中Pb的含量随着温度的升高逐渐增加。     

间歇浸取对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Cr和As释放的影响

研究间歇浸取条件下废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属Cr、As的释放,对水泥产品在实际应用中的环境安全性评价有重要意义.通过模拟煅烧实验制取含Cr和As的水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品,采用pH影响实验和扩散浸出实验,研究了混凝土中Cr和As的溶解特性及其间歇浸取对混凝土中Cr和As释放的影响.结果表明,浸取方式对浸取液pH有较...     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品,参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验,分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明,在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As,Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变,分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L,Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时,浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低,在L∶S>6时,浸出浓度较稳定,为35.7～41.5 μg/L;浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时,块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大,当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

哈尔滨市城市内涝监测预警系统建设

简要介绍了哈尔滨市城市内涝监测预警系统的主要组成部分、核心技术及理论基础、重要应用价值及意义,并通过在一次强降水实例中的检验,证明该系统具有较高的精确度.在系统核心环节--积水仿真模型的建立中,该项目突破了传统规则网格的划分法,而是根据城市地形地貌特点独创了无结构不规则网格技术.此外,仿真模型中对排水工程设施进行了数字概化,首次实现了地面积水与管道水体模拟之间的结合;初步解决了哈尔滨特有的陆地泵排水模拟问题;将监测雨量信息和数值天气预报信息带入仿真模型,实现了气象学与水文学的结合.通过运行该系统,可以提高对积水预报的准确度.