一次性塑料水杯与涂层纸杯的生命周期评价与分析

文章对日常使用的一次性塑料水杯与纸杯的全生命周期进行综合评价,比较两者对环境与人体健康的最终影响。采用了生命周期评价的技术路线与方法进行研究,最终得出一次性PE涂层纸杯的环境影响值大于PP塑料杯的结果。分析结果可得出纸杯在材料采用、制造、能耗等方面的缺陷导致了其环境影响值偏大,而PP塑料杯虽然在资源消耗与可降解性上存在劣势,但从全生命周期的视角上来看,却相对环境影响较小。     

碳酸化对模拟废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属浸出的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料(重金属以一定的比例掺入水泥生料)并制备混凝土样品,研磨至粒径小于1mm,并使部分样品发生碳酸化作用.并分别对未碳酸化样品和碳酸化样品进行pH静态试验,研究了碳酸化作用对混凝土样品酸中和容量以及重金属(Cr,Ni,As,Cd和Pb)浸出行为的影响.结果表明,未碳酸化样品在碱性范围内(pH=7~12)酸中和容量较大,而碳酸化样品则在弱酸性范围内(pH=5~7)酸中和容量较大;碳酸化作用不影响混凝土中Cr、Ni、Cd、Pb的释放曲线的变化趋势,仅改变了浸出量最小值出现的pH值区间,但是碳酸化作用改变了混凝土中As的吸附相,使其释放曲线发生了明显的改变;碳酸化作用降低了混凝土中Cr、Ni、Cd、Pd的浸出量,但在较大pH范围内(pH=3~7和pH>11),增加了As的浸出量,因此,对混凝土中重金属溶出的安全性评价应重点关注As.     

A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins

Cyanobacterial blooms-produced microcystins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic animals and even humans. Microcystin toxicity affects not only the liver but also the other organs, i.e., the brain. The serious neurotoxicity effects caused by microcystins then lead to various symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystins. Microcystins can cross blood-brain barrier with the transport of Oatps/OATPs, causing neurostructural, functional, and behavioral changes. In this review, potential uptake mechanisms and neurotoxicity mechanisms are summarized, including neurotransmissions, neurochannels, signal transduction, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton disruption. However, further researches are needed for detailed studies on signaling pathways and the downstream pathways of neurotoxicity of microcystins.     

Comparision of China’s volatile organic compound pollution management: a computable general equilibrium approach

The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound (VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China, arousing increasing attention to emissions control. In this context, this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies, namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels. It uses a computable general equilibrium model, which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory, to simulate the effects of policy scenarios (with 2007 as the reference year). This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods – the traditional approach to regulation in China – is applied. In order to achieve a similar reduction, an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed. It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy. Other policies, such as subsidies, should be used as supplements.     

Pb-Laden CRT glass as classifying hazardous waste definition or exemption in landfill disposal in China

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Disposal of waste CRT glass is now an urgent environmental protection issue. We collected waste CRT glass from monochrome and color television...     

pH值对含砷水泥熟料制品中砷释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧实验制取水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品。参照NEN-7375浸出方法,设定5种不同pH值的浸取液,研究了pH值对混凝土块中重金属As释放的影响。结果表明,浸取液的pH为2.0、3.5、5.0、7.35和10.0时,混凝土中As的观测累积释放量分别为0.0553、0.04253、0.0157、0.00939和0.0148 mg/kg;酸性范围内,观测累积释放量随着pH值的增大而减小,并在弱碱性条件下达到最小值,碱性范围内,随pH值的增大而呈增加的趋势。pH值对As的释放过程有影响,在前期,pH=2.0、3.5和10.0的浸取液中,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,并且在1～4区间修正累积释放量曲线的斜率均在0.35～0.65范围内,其释放表现为扩散控制,而pH=5.0和7.35的浸取液中,则分别发生了表面冲刷作用和延滞现象;在中后期,pH=2.0的浸取液中,As的释放出现了耗竭现象,而pH=3.5和10.0则出现了溶解现象,pH=5.0和7.35则均为扩散控制。     

北京市朝阳区城市生活垃圾组分分布特性研究

针对垃圾焚烧的需要,按垃圾组分低位热值重新进行了垃圾分类,检验了各组分的正态分布特性,得出了服从正态分布的垃圾组分的概率分布密度函数。进行了垃圾含水率的线性相关性分析,认为垃圾含水率与厨余的相关性最大,降水量对含水率影响不大。     

考虑行人跨越障碍物能力的元胞自动机模型

为深入研究不同类型的行人跨越障碍物行为,建立改进的元胞自动机模型,利用Dijkstra算法计算静态场,根据跨越障碍物能力不同将行人分为强跨越能力、弱跨越能力和无跨越能力3类,通过调查大型商场出入口相关尺寸参数和障碍物分布情况,构建商场疏散通道的疏散场景,分析可跨越障碍物的摆放方式与长度、行人密度和在障碍物可跨越条件下出口大小等因素对疏散过程的影响。研究结果表明：考虑跨越障碍物行为更符合疏散实际情况,且具有不同跨越能力的行人达到一定比例时最有利于疏散;行人密度越小,可跨越障碍物的位置对疏散影响越明显;出口在一定大小时就已经满足疏散要求,增大出口对疏散促进作用较小。     

某型波段开关瞬动动作特性及失效机理

目的 研究某型波段开关瞬动动作特性及磨损失效机理。方法 通过建立瞬动机构物理模型,进行瞬动机构滑动件受力分析、转动力矩随旋转角度变化分析,研究瞬动开关瞬动动作特性,分析并探讨瞬动机构的磨损失效机理。结果 在波段开关的瞬动角度范围内,瞬动力矩随着转动角度θ的增加呈先增大、后减小的趋势。在瞬动初始状态,旋转力矩为最小值1.2 kg·cm;当瞬动处于中间位置（瞬动角度为16°）时,转动力矩为最大值1.5 kg·cm;随着转动角度θ继续增大,转动力矩不断减小,最终恢复至初始值,与实物瞬动复位功能相符。瞬动机构滑动件受基座的正压力N随转动角度θ的增加而增大。基座塑料受过大压力产生磨损,使转动（复位）力矩降低,滑动件无法复位,导致瞬动功能失效。结论 某型波段开关瞬动功能由滑动件钢球、基座长弧形斜坡、接触压力保证,弧面磨损致使钢球所受接触压力分量不足,导致瞬动功能失效,该失效机制为疲劳磨损失效。可通过改变基座材料、滑动件结构或材料以及改善瞬动机构工作条件来提高瞬动寿命和可靠性。     

The influence of various additives on coagulation process at different dosing point: From a perspective of structure properties

Structure properties of flocs (size, fractal dimension (D_f), etc.) have a high impact on coagulation efficiency. In this work, the influences of three different additives (ferric salt (Fe), phosphate (P), and citric acid (CA)) on coagulation process/efficiency were investigated. Results showed that a small amount of extra Fe can facilitate the growth of Al flocs by providing more ‘active sites’. Although zeta potential and D_f showed a limited change, the average floc size increased apparently and the increment was more obvious when Fe was added after the formation of the flocs. In contrast, P addition during the rapid mixing period will decrease the final average floc size, while the influence is less significant when P was added after the growth of the flocs. In terms of CA, a more striking negative effect on the growth ability of the flocs was observed compared to P. The strong complexing/coordination interactions between CA and aluminum hydroxide is the main reason behind the influence. CA also significantly decreased the D_f value of the flocs compared to P, and D_f showed a comparatively higher decrease when P or CA was added during the rapid mixing stage compared to the addition after the flocs formation. These results indicated that the addition of CA or P during the rapid mixing stage ‘inactivated’ or occupied more ‘active sites’ on the preliminarily formed Al NPs during the hydrolysis process, and therefore presented stronger impact on the morphology/size of the formed flocs.