铅大气污染物环境保护标准限值研究

铅因其对公众健康的影响,其大气污染物标准限值的合理性倍受关注.论文对比分析了国内外铅大气污染物环境质量与排放标准,通过计算提出基于保护环境空气质量的排放标准理论限值及建议限值.分析发现,目前国际上铅环境空气质量标准浓度限值为0.00015～0.0015 mg·m~(-3),但多采用世界卫生组织(WHO)的年均浓度限值0.0005 mg·m~(-3);建议我国今后修订标准时对铅年均浓度和季均浓度限值进一步加严.与发达国家相比,我国铅环境空气质量季均浓度限值水平已显落后;国际上目前各类排放源铅大气污染物排放浓度限值在0.04～2 mg·m~(-3)之间,金属冶炼源等主要源的排放浓度限值在1～2 mg·m~(-3),其他排放源均在0.5 mg·m~(-3)以下;我国铅、锌熔炼源正在执行的排放浓度限值(8 mg·m~(-3))较为宽松,而其他源的铅大气排放浓度限值与国际上的限值基本一致.通过计算认为,保护公众健康的铅大气污染物的理论排放限值为1.2～2.4 mg·m~(-3).考虑到我国的经济技术水平,建议铅、锌熔炼源的铅大气污染物新建企业排放浓度限值为2 mg·m~(-3);其他源的新建企业排放浓度建议限值为0.5 mg·m~(-3).经过过渡期,现有企业应达到新建企业的排放控制要求.铅的企业边界浓度排放限值是保护企业边界附近公众健康的有效屏障,但鉴于铅的污染特性,对于具体建设项目应加强环评力度,提出更具体明确的排放控制要求,并加强对企业周边环境敏感点的环境监测等,采取综合措施保护公众健康.     

危险化学品泄漏入海区域风险评估方法研究

我国的危险化学品区域风险评估研究工作起步较晚,针对危险化学品泄漏入海的方法研究较少。现有区域风险评估方法中评估对象多为单一风险因素,存在着未全面考虑研究区域内其他风险源和敏感资源等综合影响的不足。在结合国内外研究进展现状的基础上,强化与相关技术方法的衔接,建立了综合考虑危险化学品危险性和区域风险承受力等因素的危险化学品泄漏入海区域风险评估方法工作,并选择天津市XX企业开展方法案例应用。本研究能够为科学合理划分危险化学品泄漏区域海洋环境风险等级提供技术支撑,为开展危险化学品泄漏入海风险防范和修复评估等工作提供决策依据。     

利用电子探针对水泥净浆中Cr、As、Pb分布特征的研究

通过在模拟水泥窑中高温煅烧含Cr、As、Pb的水泥生料,制取水泥熟料,进而制备水泥净浆片.然后利用电子探针的点、线、面分析,研究了水泥净浆中Cr、As、Pb的整体分布特征及在不同矿物相中的具体分布特征,以揭示Cr、As、Pb在其中的微观物理化学形态,为建立Cr、As、Pb的释放机制提供理论基础.结果表明,Cr在水化硅酸...     

一种新型异养自养集成工艺处理地下水硝酸盐试验

研究了一种利用电化学产氢自养反硝化(electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic denitrification)与固相异养反硝化(solid-phase heterotrophic denitrification)集成技术去除地下水中硝酸盐的方法.这种方法能够高效去除水中的硝酸盐且操作简单.试验结果表明,当进水NO3--N浓度为70mg·mL-1,电流强度控制在40mA,HRT为3.9h时,出水中NO3--N浓度为1.2mg·mL-1,硝态氮去除率达到98.3%,TN去除率达到95.6%,反应器中没有NO2--N积累,且pH值稳定在7.0~8.1之间.     

碳纳米管预沉积改性膜的污染机理研究

为探究碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes,CNTs)预沉积改性膜的污染机理,本研究使用正压过滤法将CNTs预沉积在3种孔径的有机膜(20 kDa聚醚砜膜、0.01 μm和0.1 μm聚偏二氟乙烯膜)表面,研究了CNTs预沉积改性膜过滤3种典型污染物(牛血清蛋白、腐殖酸、海藻酸钠)过程中的膜污染情况.根据比通量、Hermia模型和传统滤饼过滤模型,对恒压死端过滤3种典型污染物过程中的污染机理进行了系统评价.结果表明,20 kDa PES膜和0.01 μm PVDF膜表面预沉积CNTs改性后,过滤3种典型膜污染物质时的膜污染情况都得到了一定程度的缓解.20 kDa PES膜表面预沉积CNTs后过滤HA初期为完全孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理,最终转变为滤饼过滤;过滤SA的污染机理为完全孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理.0.01 μm PVDF膜表面沉积CNTs改性后过滤HA初期的污染机理为膜孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理,然后经过向滤饼过滤转变的过渡阶段,最终形成滤饼过滤,且随着CNTs沉积量的增加,过渡阶段持续时间延长.0.1 μm PVDF膜表面预沉积CNTs后过滤3种污染物,均未能缓解膜污染,膜污染机理不受CNTs沉积改性的影响,其过滤BSA和HA的污染机理为膜孔堵塞,过滤SA过程的污染机理符合滤饼过滤.     

典型城市人工湿地优势植物汞分布特征

以重庆市4个典型城市人工湿地(观音塘湿地公园、彩云湖国家湿地公园、园博园湿地公园、秀湖湿地公园)为研究对象,分别于2017年3、6、9、12月调查并采集了湿地优势植物样品,分析样品总汞、甲基汞浓度,探讨城市人工湿地中植物汞的时空分布特征.结果表明,调查区域植物汞质量浓度范围为45.29—231.01μg·kg~(-1)(平均值为33.99±8.61μg·kg~(-1)).甲基汞质量浓度范围为45.29—232.01 ng·kg~(-1)(平均值为145.45±48.72 ng·kg~(-1));其中,园博园湿地植物总汞质量浓度最低,观音塘湿地公园植物甲基汞质量浓度均较其他3个湿地公园植物高;在同一湿地中,植物总汞春秋浓度较高,夏季略有降低,冬季最低,而甲基汞浓度先逐渐升高,并在6—9月达到最大值,随后开始下降;植物根部总汞、甲基汞含量高于茎和叶.城市人工湿地植物有一定的汞富集能力,可在一定程度上减轻水体汞污染.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of water supply network in Tianjin,China

The water supply network （WSN） system is a critical element of civil infrastructure systems. Its complexity of operation and high number of components mean that all parts of the system cannot be simply assessed. Earthquakes are the most serious natural hazard to a WSN, and seismic risk assessment is essential to identify its vulnerability to different stages of damage and ensure the system safety. In this paper, using a WSN located in the airport area of Tianjin in northern China as a case study, a quantitative vulnerability assessment method was used to assess the damage that the water supply pipelines would suffer in an earthquake, and the finite element software ABAQUS and fuzzy mathematic theory were adopted to construct the assessment method. ABAQUS was applied to simulate the seismic damage to pipe segments and components of the WSN. Membership functions based on fuzzy theory were established to calculate the membership of the components in the system. However, to consider the vulnerability of the whole system, fuzzy cluster analysis was used to distinguish the importance of pipe segments and components. Finally, the vulnerability was quantified by these functions. The proposed methodology aims to assess the performance of WSNs based on pipe vulnerabilities that are simulated and calculated by the model and the mathematical method based on data of damage. In this study, a whole seismic vulnerability assessment method for a WSN was built, and these analyses are expected to provide necessary information for a mitigation plan in an earthquake disaster.     

自制Cu-Bi2WO6的表征及其对苯酚的光催化降解

采用水热反应法制备Cu改性的Bi2WO6催化剂(Cu-Bi2WO6).采用XRD仪和紫外-可见光漫反射吸收光谱仪对自制Cu-Bi2WO6的结构进行了表征.考察了光催化降解工艺对Cu-Bi2WO6在可见光下催化氧化降解苯酚效果的影响.实验结果表明:自制Cu-Bi2WO6的吸收边带出现了明显红移,对可见光的利用率较Bi2WO6强;当水热反应pH为0.6时,Cu-Bi2WO6的光催化性能最好;在空气通入量为250 mL/min、Cu-Bi2WO6加入量为1.0 mg/L的条件下,光照反应210 min后苯酚降解率可达92.0％.     

Characterization and removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate rejected by nanofiltration

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wastewater rejected by nanofiltration from a landfill leachate treatment plant was fractionated into humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and hydrophilic (HyI) fractions. It was found that humic substances (HA and FA) composed 75% of the total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of the DOM, with an average molecular weight of about 1000 Da. Elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and acid-base titration observations showed that the HA and FA of the DOM exhibited lower fractions of condensed aromatic functional groups but larger fractions of acidic groups compared with other aquatic DOMs. The properties of HA and FA were similar, but HA exhibited more complete humification, while the HyI fraction had more acidic groups. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 was used to adsorb the DOM in the wastewater along with primary coagulation. Results of bench-scale experiments indicated that the treatment process could effectively remove the DOM and heavy metals while desorption liquid was 10 times more condensed than raw wastewater. Results of desorption and reproducibility tests consolidated the strong application potential of this treatment process as an advanced landfill leachate treatment technology.