铅大气污染物环境保护标准限值研究

铅因其对公众健康的影响,其大气污染物标准限值的合理性倍受关注.论文对比分析了国内外铅大气污染物环境质量与排放标准,通过计算提出基于保护环境空气质量的排放标准理论限值及建议限值.分析发现,目前国际上铅环境空气质量标准浓度限值为0.00015～0.0015 mg·m~(-3),但多采用世界卫生组织(WHO)的年均浓度限值0.0005 mg·m~(-3);建议我国今后修订标准时对铅年均浓度和季均浓度限值进一步加严.与发达国家相比,我国铅环境空气质量季均浓度限值水平已显落后;国际上目前各类排放源铅大气污染物排放浓度限值在0.04～2 mg·m~(-3)之间,金属冶炼源等主要源的排放浓度限值在1～2 mg·m~(-3),其他排放源均在0.5 mg·m~(-3)以下;我国铅、锌熔炼源正在执行的排放浓度限值(8 mg·m~(-3))较为宽松,而其他源的铅大气排放浓度限值与国际上的限值基本一致.通过计算认为,保护公众健康的铅大气污染物的理论排放限值为1.2～2.4 mg·m~(-3).考虑到我国的经济技术水平,建议铅、锌熔炼源的铅大气污染物新建企业排放浓度限值为2 mg·m~(-3);其他源的新建企业排放浓度建议限值为0.5 mg·m~(-3).经过过渡期,现有企业应达到新建企业的排放控制要求.铅的企业边界浓度排放限值是保护企业边界附近公众健康的有效屏障,但鉴于铅的污染特性,对于具体建设项目应加强环评力度,提出更具体明确的排放控制要求,并加强对企业周边环境敏感点的环境监测等,采取综合措施保护公众健康.     

Prospect of China's ambient air quality standards

Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management. Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards. To understand the history of the development of China's ambient air quality standards, this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards, classification of functional areas, standard grading, pollutants, and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years. The results show that since the initial release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standard” by China in 1982, it has been supplemented once, revised twice, and modified twice. The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air. With the development of ambient air quality management, the number of pollutants has increased to ten. Since the release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standards” in 2012, the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved. However, the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low. At present, China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO₂ concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline (AQG). We further suggested that the SO₂ standard should be revised promptly. Simultaneously, regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.     

甲壳生物质去除酸性矿坑水中镉的性能与机制

采用低成本、可持续修复材料处理酸性矿坑水 (acid mine drainage, AMD) 具有重要的科研价值和应用前景。选取基围虾、对虾、蛎虾和梭子蟹壳4种甲壳生物质,探究其对AMD模拟水样及恒定pH的AMD水样中镉的去除性能与机制。结果表明：甲壳生物质具有良好的镉去除能力 (112.38~235.45 mg·g⁻¹) ,其含有丰富的碳酸钙对镉去除起了至关重要的作用,可通过中和作用调高AMD的pH值,降低镉的迁移能力;也可与镉离子形成碳酸镉沉淀,促进镉的固定。此外,甲壳生物质中大量的羟基、羧基等官能团可通过络合作用捕获镉离子。研究结果为甲壳生物质的资源化利用和废弃矿山AMD的低成本、可持续修复提供了理论依据。     

我国农药工业危险废物产生和污染特性研究

我国是农药的生产和使用大国,农药工业的危险废物因产量大、毒性强、处理处置困难等问题引起了公众和管理者的广泛关注。梳理和阐明农药工业危险废物的产生来源、污染特性及环境风险关键节点对于我国农药工业危险废物的管理具有重要的支撑作用。母液、废酸、废盐和污泥是农药工业中产生量最大的几类危险废物。农药工业危险废物中所含的污染物种类繁多,主要为残留的反应原料、副反应产物和农药有效成分。目前,农药工业副产物的利用环节是农药工业危险废物处理处置过程中环境风险的关键节点。针对农药工业危险废物利用处置过程中存在的问题,建议生态环境管理部门制定完善的污染控制标准,并采取针对性政策鼓励和引导企业研发先进工艺,开展源头减量,提高资源化利用水平,全面提升农药工业固体废物的环境风险防治水平。     

Bioretention for removal of nitrogen: processes,operational conditions,and strategies for improvement

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As one of the low-impact development measures, bioretention plays an important role in reducing the runoff peak flow and minimizing runoff pollutants,...     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of water supply network in Tianjin,China

The water supply network （WSN） system is a critical element of civil infrastructure systems. Its complexity of operation and high number of components mean that all parts of the system cannot be simply assessed. Earthquakes are the most serious natural hazard to a WSN, and seismic risk assessment is essential to identify its vulnerability to different stages of damage and ensure the system safety. In this paper, using a WSN located in the airport area of Tianjin in northern China as a case study, a quantitative vulnerability assessment method was used to assess the damage that the water supply pipelines would suffer in an earthquake, and the finite element software ABAQUS and fuzzy mathematic theory were adopted to construct the assessment method. ABAQUS was applied to simulate the seismic damage to pipe segments and components of the WSN. Membership functions based on fuzzy theory were established to calculate the membership of the components in the system. However, to consider the vulnerability of the whole system, fuzzy cluster analysis was used to distinguish the importance of pipe segments and components. Finally, the vulnerability was quantified by these functions. The proposed methodology aims to assess the performance of WSNs based on pipe vulnerabilities that are simulated and calculated by the model and the mathematical method based on data of damage. In this study, a whole seismic vulnerability assessment method for a WSN was built, and these analyses are expected to provide necessary information for a mitigation plan in an earthquake disaster.     

典型城市人工湿地优势植物汞分布特征

以重庆市4个典型城市人工湿地(观音塘湿地公园、彩云湖国家湿地公园、园博园湿地公园、秀湖湿地公园)为研究对象,分别于2017年3、6、9、12月调查并采集了湿地优势植物样品,分析样品总汞、甲基汞浓度,探讨城市人工湿地中植物汞的时空分布特征.结果表明,调查区域植物汞质量浓度范围为45.29—231.01μg·kg~(-1)(平均值为33.99±8.61μg·kg~(-1)).甲基汞质量浓度范围为45.29—232.01 ng·kg~(-1)(平均值为145.45±48.72 ng·kg~(-1));其中,园博园湿地植物总汞质量浓度最低,观音塘湿地公园植物甲基汞质量浓度均较其他3个湿地公园植物高;在同一湿地中,植物总汞春秋浓度较高,夏季略有降低,冬季最低,而甲基汞浓度先逐渐升高,并在6—9月达到最大值,随后开始下降;植物根部总汞、甲基汞含量高于茎和叶.城市人工湿地植物有一定的汞富集能力,可在一定程度上减轻水体汞污染.     

Effects of DOM characteristics from real wastewater on the degradation of pharmaceutically active compounds by the UV/H2O2 process

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can significantly affect the degradation of target compounds by the advanced oxidation processes. In this study, the effects of the different hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity fractions, molecular weight (MW) fractions, fluorescence components and molecular components of DOM extracted from municipal wastewater on the degradation of 4 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), including carbamazepine, clofibric acid, atenolol and erythromycin by the UV/H₂O₂ process were investigated. The results showed that the degradation rate constants of 4 PhACs decreased dramatically in the presence of DOM. The linear regressions of 4 PhACs degradation as a function of specific fluorescence intensity (SFI) are exhibited during the degradation of 4 PhACs and the SFI may be used to evaluate effect of DOM on target compounds in wastewater. The hydrophobic acid (HPO-A) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process. The small MW fractions of DOM significantly inhibited the degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process. Among three fluorescence components, hydrophobic humic-like substances may significantly inhibit the degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process. At the molecular level, the formulas may be derived from terrestrial sources. CHO compound may significantly inhibit the degradation of 4 PhACs during oxidation process on formula classes. The unsaturated hydrocarbons, carbohydrates and tannins compounds may significantly inhibit the effectiveness of the UV/H₂O₂ process on compound classes.     

铵态氮对生物过滤塔甲烷净化性能的影响及其微生物学机理

氮源是生物过滤塔高效稳定净化甲烷 (CH₄) 废气的关键因素,然而关于畜禽养殖废水中铵氮是否可以作为除CH₄生物过滤塔氮源以及相应的作用机制尚不明晰。启动并成功运行2个生物过滤塔BF_no (对照,无氮源) 和BF_A (铵态氮为氮源) ,比较分析了不同停留时间 (EBRT) 下,2个生物过滤塔的CH₄净化性能,并采用宏基因组技术解析了铵态氮影响生物过滤塔CH₄净化性能的微生物学机理。结果表明,生物过滤塔BF_A的CH₄去除性能优于生物过滤塔BF_no,当EBRT为44 min时,BF_A的CH₄去除效率稳定在80%以上,而生物过滤塔BF_no的CH₄去除效率不足70%。宏基因组分析结果表明：BF_no和BF_A具有显著不同的微生物群落结构,其中硝化螺旋菌门 (Nitrospirae) 是生物过滤塔BF_A中的特有菌属。生物过滤塔BF_A中与硝化过程相关的amoA和hao基因,以及与CH₄氧化相关的fae、mtdA和fmdA基因相对丰度均显著高于BF_no (P≤0.05) ,证明以铵态氮为氮源的生物过滤塔BF_A中不仅具有较高的硝化能力,还具有较高的CH₄氧化能力。本研究结果可为生物过滤法净化畜禽养殖含CH₄废气和液态养殖粪污的综合利用提供参考。     

中国污染物排放配额有偿使用政策费用效果研究

为研究我国现行的污染物排污权有偿使用政策及环境税政策对排污交易市场费用效果的影响,从排污交易原理出发,分析排污交易、污染物排污权有偿使用及环境税3种环境管理手段促进企业污染物减排的原理。在此基础上设置10个虚拟企业模拟分析不同政策组合的费用效果。结果显示,当排污交易政策为主导时,3种手段并存对企业排污交易结果没有影响,且污染物排污权有偿使用政策和环境税政策在排污交易市场中所起的作用一样,均是压缩了排污交易市场中企业排污权的交易价格,增加了企业的污染物减排成本。若污染物排污权有偿使用价格或环境税税率（或二者之和）超出了原有排污交易市场均衡时企业污染物边际减排成本,则排污交易市场将会出现“失灵”现象,即企业不再寻求开展排污交易,而是缴纳污染物排污权有偿使用费或/和环境税。