High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including PCBs,DDT, PBDEs and PFOS in little brown bats with white-nose syndrome in New York,USA

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a condition associated with white fungal growth on ears, wings, and nose of hibernating bats; this condition has recently resulted in high bat mortality in the northeastern United States. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of morbidity and mortality are still unknown. Elevated exposure to toxic contaminants could be a contributing factor via the consequent immunosuppression and endocrine disruption. In this study, diseased little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) were collected from several hibernacula in eastern New York State in 2008. Fat tissues of bats were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; DDT, chlordanes, HCB, and HCH), and liver was analyzed for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). A reference population of little brown bats, not affected by WNS, was also collected from a cave in Kentucky for the analysis of trace organic contaminants. Concentration of PCBs in fat tissues of bats from New York ranged from 1900 ng g^?1 to 35 000 ng g^?1, lipid wt, with the highest concentrations found in bats collected from caves in Albany County. High concentrations of PCBs were also found in bats from Kentucky (17 100–18 400 ng g^?1, lipid wt). Total PBDE concentrations in fat tissues ranged from 520 ng g^?1 to 10 900 ng g^?1, lipid wt, in bats from New York and from 4300 ng g^?1 to 13 000 ng g^?1, lipid wt, in bats from Kentucky. High concentrations of DDT (26 900 ng g^?1, lipid wt), chlordanes (6350 ng g^?1, lipid wt), and HCB (260 ng g^?1, lipid wt) were found in bats from New York. Concentrations of hexabromobiphenyl congener 153 (PBB 153) in bats from New York ranged from 8.6 ng g^?1 to 12 4000 ng g^?1, lipid wt. Concentrations of PFCs were on the order of a few tens to a few hundreds of nanograms per gram liver, on a wet weight basis. Overall, high concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, DDT, and chlordanes were found in fat tissues of diseased bats from New York, although the concentrations in bats from non-diseased, reference population, from Kentucky were also high.     

自然灾害知觉的不安全心理特性与调适建议——基于北京大学生的调查分析

研究公众自然灾害知觉中的不安全因素,有助于开展有针对性的减灾宣教活动、构建社会预防文化。通过问卷方式,调查了北京5所高校大学生的自然灾害知觉现状及特征。统计分析显示,大学生自然灾害知觉中存在不安全心理特性,主要表现在：对自身灾害知识和经验存在过高估计的乐观偏差;在灾害预期中表现出悲观的心理噪声效应;面对自然灾害多数出现消极情绪,其应急行为倾向呈负距平状态;防灾减灾过程中对政府行为依赖性、服从性高。在此基础上,提出了通过普及正确防灾知识、完善心理防御机制、强化能动意识等重塑大学生灾害知觉、调适灾害行为的建议。     

云南普洱6.4级地震震害分析

2007年6月3日云南普洱发生6.4级地震,震源深度仅5km。地震对当地各类建筑物和构筑物造成不同程度的破坏。本文根据此次地震现场调研,介绍了地震烈度分布与震区破坏等级划分,归纳了土木、砖木、砖混、框架结构房屋等建筑结构的震害情况,同时对供排水、交通、电力、通讯系统及水利工程等基础设施的破坏状况加以概括,并对各类结构的破坏原因进行了分类分析。总结了此次地震的震害特点,提出了未来村镇防震减灾工作的若干建议。     

The use of ion exchange membranes for isotope analyses on soil water sulfate: laboratory experiments

To investigate the potential use of anion exchange membranes (plant root simulator [PRS] probes) for isotope investigations of the soil sulfur cycle, laboratory experiments were performed to examine the sulfate exchange characteristics and to determine the extent of sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation during sulfate sorption and desorption on the probes in aqueous solutions and simulated soil solutions. The sulfate-exchange tests in aqueous solutions under varying experimental conditions indicated that the amount of sulfate exchanged onto PRS probes increased with increasing reaction time, initial sulfate concentration, and the number of probes used (= surface area), whereas the percentage of removal of available sulfate was constant irrespective of the initial sulfate concentration. The competition of nitrate and chloride in the solution lowered the amount of exchanged sulfate. The exchange experiments in a simulated soil under water-saturated and water-unsaturated conditions showed that a considerable proportion of the soil sulfate was exchanged by the PRS probes after about 10 d. There was no evidence for significant sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation between soil sulfate and sulfate recovered from the PRS probes. Therefore, we recommend the use of PRS probes as an efficient and easy way to collect soil water sulfate for determination of its isotope composition.     

Thermochemical esterifying citric acid onto lignocellulose for enhancing methylene blue sorption capacity of rice straw

In this paper, rice straw was esterified thermochemically with citric acid (CA) to produce potentially biodegradable cationic sorbent. The modified rice straw (MRS) and crude rice straw (CRS) were evaluated for their methylene blue (MB) removal capacity from aqueous solution. The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g., initial pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration, ion strength, and contact time) were examined. The ratio of MB sorbed on CRS increased as the initial pH was increased from pH 2 to 10. For MRS, the MB removal ratio came up to the maximum value beyond pH 3. The 1.5g/l or up of MRS could almost completely remove the dye from 250mg/l of MB solution. The ratio of MB sorbed kept above 98% over a range from 50 to 450mg/l of MB concentration when 2.0g/l of MRS was used. Increase in ion strength of solution induced decline of MB sorption. The isothermal data fitted the Langmuir model. The sorption processes followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion rate constant (k(id)) was greatly increased due to modification.     

Hydrochemistry of urban groundwater, Seoul, Korea: the impact of subway tunnels on groundwater quality

Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data for subway tunnel seepage waters in Seoul (Republic of Korea) were examined to understand the effect of underground tunnels on the degradation of urban groundwater. A very large quantity of groundwater (up to 63 million m³ year^− 1) is discharged into subway tunnels with a total length of 287 km, resulting in a significant drop of the local groundwater table and the abandonment of groundwater wells. For the tunnel seepage water samples (n = 72) collected from 43 subway stations, at least one parameter among pathogenic microbes (total coliform, heterotrophic bacteria), dissolved Mn and Fe, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, turbidity, and color exceeded the Korean Drinking Water Standards. Locally, tunnel seepage water was enriched in dissolved Mn (avg. 0.70 mg L^− 1, max. 5.58 mg L^− 1), in addition to dissolved Fe, NH₄⁺, and pathogenic microbes, likely due to significant inflow of sewage water from broken or leaking sewer pipes.Geochemical modeling of redox reactions was conducted to simulate the characteristic hydrochemistry of subway tunnel seepage. The results show that variations in the reducing conditions occur in urban groundwater, dependent upon the amount of organic matter-rich municipal sewage contaminating the aquifer. The organic matter facilitates the reduction and dissolution of Mn- and Fe-bearing solids in aquifers and/or tunnel construction materials, resulting in the successive increase of dissolved Mn and Fe. The present study clearly demonstrates that locally significant deterioration of urban groundwater is caused by a series of interlinked hydrogeologic and hydrochemical changes induced by underground tunnels.     

水幕在隧道中灭火的数值模拟研究

利用CFD软件中的专用FDS软件对水幕在隧道产生火灾进行灭火模拟研究,模拟水幕对隧道中火灾产生的烟气流动速度、烟气浓度以及温度等特性参数的影响,模拟得到水幕能有效地减慢地下隧道中烟雾的扩散和降低烟雾的温度,为地下工事中的人员逃离提供有力的保证,为加强地下工事的防御提供了理论参考。     

株洲市清水塘工业区地表水底泥重金属污染评价

对株洲市清水塘工业区地表水底泥重金属含量进行了检测,并采用地积累指数法进行了评价.结果表明,该区底泥受到重金属极强污染,各溪港污染程度为老霞湾港铜塘港>霞湾港,各元素污染程度为CAHgPbAs;霞湾港由于底泥量最大,其重金属含量最大,Cd、Hg、Pb、As分别占总量的69.45%、80.62%、66.46%和86.56%;霞湾港中污水厂～河口段重金属含量最大,CA、Hg、Pb、As分别占该港总量的98.50%、56.06%、18.14%和52.09%.     

数学统计方法在公路降噪措施中的应用

基于交通噪声影响的复杂性,提出将层次分析法和加权系统聚类法应用于公路环保设计降噪措施的决策中,有效避免了人为主观因素的片面性.选取3个反映交通噪声影响程度的指标并予以量化,采用层次分析法和加权系统聚类法对各个受噪声影响的环境敏感点按影响程度进行排序及归类,在时间及资金有限的情况下,实现降噪措施的优化设计及资金的有效使用.     

近50年来江汉湖群水域演化定量研究

根据江汉平原湖区发育背景、资源环境结构和社会经济功能等方面因素,将研究区界定为湖北省境内以江汉平原为依托、海拔50 m等高线以内的所有地区。其范围在东经 111°36′38.76″~116°7′52.14″、北纬29°25′59.25″~31°27′14.45″之间,按自然界线计算面积4.664万km2,按行政区统计面积为6.475万km2。运用RS/GIS技术,分析得知：近50年来,江汉湖群湖泊总数量和总面积均表现出总体下降、中间年份有波动的趋势,20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代、90年代和21世纪初(2000年),0.1 km2以上的湖泊总数量分别是1 309、611、612、838、768、771个,0.1 km2以上的湖泊总面积分别是8 503.7、5 462.5、2 933.8、2 977.3、3 451.4、3 188.1 km2。围湖垦殖是近50多年来江汉湖群演化的主要原因和主导因子。